Engineered receptor/ligand system for delivery of therapeutic agents

ABSTRACT

Provided herein are compositions and methods related to targeted delivery of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a subject utilizing an engineered receptor-ligand system, such as an engineered dockerin-cohesin system. As described herein, previously-developed targeted delivery systems for delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to a tissue of interest have drawbacks that have not been addressed to date. For example, with respect to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), both of which hamper delivery of agents to the brain, others have relied on the use of endogenously expressed receptors, like the transferrin receptor, to assist the agent across the barriers.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. provisional application No. 62/105,951, filed Jan. 21, 2015, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF INVENTION

Targeted delivery of therapeutic and diagnostic agents has largely relied on associating the agent with a targeting molecule that binds to an endogenously expressed molecule, such as an endogenous receptor. This targeted delivery scheme has been used most frequently for delivery of agents to the blood-brain barrier or other hard-to-target tissues.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

As described herein, previously-developed targeted delivery systems for delivering therapeutic and diagnostic agents to a tissue of interest have drawbacks that have not been addressed to date. For example, with respect to the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), both of which hamper delivery of agents to the brain, others have relied on the use of endogenously expressed receptors, like the transferrin receptor, to assist the agent across the barriers. Unfortunately, these endogenous receptors are expressed in other tissues, resulting in a reduction of specificity and delivery of the agent to other tissues where delivery is not desired. As detailed herein, to overcome this problem, an engineered receptor-ligand system has been developed. In particular, in some embodiments the system utilizes an engineered receptor that is not normally expressed in a subject, such as a receptor having a ligand-binding domain or extracellular domain of a non-mammalian receptor or protein (e.g., if the system is being implemented in a mammalian subject) or a mammalian receptor or protein (e.g., from a different species) having a ligand that does not bind to an endogenous receptor. This engineered receptor is introduced into a subject such that it is expressed in a tissue of interest, such as in the BBB or the BCSFB (e.g., in the ependymal cells of the BCSFB). A ligand for the engineered receptor can then be associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent of interest and administered to the subject, resulting in specific, targeted delivery of the agent to the tissue expressing the engineered receptor.

For example, an engineered receptor was developed for targeting the BCSFB (e.g., targeting the ependymal cells of the BCSFB) by combining the human transferrin receptor or human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) with the cohesin domain from Clostridium thermocellum, which binds to the protein dockerin, which was utilized as the ligand. By expressing the receptor in choroidal ependymocytes, which are part of the BCSFB, it was found that systemically administrated dockerin ligand was able to bind to the receptor and accumulate in ependymocytes, where some of the ligand was transported from the blood side to the brain side.

Accordingly, aspects of the disclosure relate to compositions and methods of targeted delivery of therapeutic or diagnostic agents to a cell or tissue of interest in a subject.

In some aspects, the disclosure relates to a method of targeted delivery of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a subject, comprising administering a ligand associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a mammalian subject expressing a receptor for the ligand, wherein the receptor is not naturally expressed in the subject.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a ligand-binding domain of a non-mammalian protein. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises an extracellular domain of a non-mammalian protein that contains the ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the non-mammalian protein is a bacterial protein.

In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain is a cohesin ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the ligand comprises a dockerin domain.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises an intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain of a mammalian receptor. In some embodiments, the intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain is a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is a therapeutic agent selected from the group consisting of a protein, a peptide, an adeno-associated virus and a small molecule. In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is a diagnostic agent selected from the group consisting of an enzyme, a fluorescent compound, a radioactive compound, an ultrasound contrast agent, an optical dye, and a paramagnetic metal atom.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is conjugated or fused to the ligand, optionally via a linker. In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is contained within a nanoparticle. In some embodiments, the ligand is administered to the subject by intravenous injection.

In some embodiments, the receptor is expressed in the choroid plexus of the subject. In some embodiments, subject has a neurodegenerative disease, a lysosomal storage disease, or a brain or central nervous system cancer.

In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of producing a mammalian subject that expresses a receptor, the method comprising introducing into a mammalian subject a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain, wherein the ligand-binding domain is not naturally expressed in the subject. In some embodiments, the receptor further contains an intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain of a mammalian receptor. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence is a tissue-specific promoter sequence. In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain is a ligand-binding domain of a non-mammalian protein. In some embodiments, the non-mammalian protein is a bacterial protein. In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain is a cohesin ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain is a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is introduced into the subject via a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle containing the nucleic acid.

Yet other aspects of the disclosure relate to a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle comprising a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain of a non-mammalian protein. In some embodiments, the receptor further contains an intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain of a mammalian receptor. In some embodiments, the intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain is a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain. In some embodiments, the non-mammalian protein is a bacterial protein. In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain of the bacterial protein is a cohesin ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence is a tissue-specific promoter sequence.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The following drawings form part of the present specification and arc included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 1A-D are a diagram and a series of photographs showing expression of the TfR-cohesin receptor following injection of the receptor into a single brain ventricle. (FIG. 1A) Schematic representation of the exemplary receptor/ligand system. The exemplary receptor is a fusion protein of the human transferrin receptor (TfR) and the bacterial cohesin domain. The construct was cloned into an rAAV9 vector to make AAV9-TfR-cohesin virus. The exemplary ligand is a fusion protein of GFP and the bacterial dockerin domain to make GFP-dockerin. GFP-dockerin is produced in bacterial culture and purified before injection. (FIG. 1B) AAV9-TfR-cohesin vectors were injected in the right lateral ventricle of mouse brains. Two weeks later, brain slices were incubated with GFP-dockerin protein and GFP-dockerin binding with TfR-cohesin was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy to determine the cells that were expressing the receptor. Brain parenchyma near the right ventricle expressed higher levels of the receptor than the contralateral side, presumably because of the higher starting concentration of virus in CSF on the right side. (FIGS. 1C and D) However, the virus concentration in CSF on both sides of the brain was sufficiently high to generate approximately the same level of receptor expression in choroid plexus cells on both sides of the brain. The hole marks the left side of the mouse brain. Scale bars: (B) 0.72 mm, (C, D) 100 μm.

FIGS. 2A-D are a diagram and a series of photographs showing that GFP-dockerin binds cells from the choroid plexus in all ventricles of the brain in vivo. (FIG. 2A) Schematic representation of the ventricular system in the mouse brain showing the approximate positions of the lateral (LV), third (3V), and fourth (4V) ventricles. The b, c, and d vertical lines indicate the approximate location of the brain images shown in FIGS. 2B, C and D. AAV9-TfR-cohesin vector was injected in the right lateral ventricle of mouse brains. Two weeks post vector injection, GFP-dockerin was injected intravenously into mice and GFP-dockerin binding with TfR-cohesin was analyzed by fluorescent microscopy in brain slices from regions b, c, and d of FIG. 2A. The images showed green signal from GFP-dockerin in the choroid plexus of lateral ventricles (FIG. 2B, C arrows), the third ventricle (FIG. 2C arrowhead) and the fourth ventricle (FIG. 2D). The hole marks the left side of the mouse brain. Scale bars: (B) 265 μm, (C) 600 μm, (D) 295 μm.

FIGS. 3A-I are a series of photographs showing the type of cells binding GFP-dockerin in the choroid plexus. Confocal fluorescent images of mouse brain sections showing GFP-dockerin bound to cells of the choroid plexus (FIG. 3A, D, G). The sections were also stained with CD31 antibody, α-tubulin antibody, or cytokeratin 8/18 antibody, illustrated by the staining patterns depicted in FIGS. 3B, E, and H, respectively. CD31 antibody labels endothelial cells of capillaries, while α-tubulin and cytokeratin 8/18 antibodies label the perinuclear cytoplasm of choroidal ependymocytes. FIG. 3C is merged from FIGS. 3A and B, showing that no cells positive for CD31 were binding GFP-dockerin. However, FIG. 3F (merged from FIGS. 3D and E), and FIG. 31 (merged from FIGS. 3G and H) show partial colocalization of GFP-dockerin signal with α-tubulin and cytokeratin 8/18, respectively (arrows). Nuclei were also stained with DAPI blue, illustrated by the staining patterns in FIGS. 3C, F and I. Scale bars: (A-C) 33 μm, (D-F) 22 μm, (G-I) 30 μm.

FIGS. 4A-H are a series of photographs showing membrane location of GFP-dockerin by confocal microscopy. (FIG. 4A, E) Confocal fluorescent images of mouse brain sections showing green fluorescent signal of GFP-dockerin that was bound to or had entered the cytoplasm of choroidal ependymocytes. GFP-dockerin located only on the cell membrane was visualized by staining with anti-GFP antibody (α-GFP, only membrane), illustrated by the staining patterns in FIGS. 4B and F. The apical membrane of choroidal ependymocytes was stained using fluorescent Phalloidin or aquaporin 1 antibody, illustrated by the staining patterns in FIGS. 4C and G, respectively. FIG. 4D is merged from FIG. 4A-C; FIG. 4H is merged from FIG. 4E-G. FIGS. 4D and H show GFP-dockerin receptor is present on the basolateral membrane (arrowheads) and also, at a lower level, on the apical membrane (arrows). Nuclei were stained with DAPI blue, illustrated by the staining patterns in FIGS. 4D and H. Scale bars: (A-D) 6.6 μm, (E-H) 4.4 μm.

FIGS. 5A-C are a series of photographs showing the membrane location of GFP-dockerin by electron microscopy. (FIG. 5A) Light microscopy image showing GFP-dockerin located only on the cell membrane using an anti-GFP antibody and Peroxidase/DAB reaction. (FIG. 5B) Electron microscopy image showing the peroxidase/DAB reaction product in the cell membrane of a choroidal ependymocyte. Arrowheads show peroxidase/DAB reaction product on the basolateral membrane (bl). (FIG. 5C) Electron microscopy image of two ependymocytes, one unlabeled (ep1) and one labeled (ep2), showing both cellular sides, the flat and folded basolateral membrane (bl) and the apical membrane covered with cilia and microvilli (ap). The DAB reaction product, indicating GFP-dockerin, is present on both the basolateral membrane (arrowhead) as well as the apical membrane (arrow) of the choroidal ependymocyte. n=nucleus; ap=apical membrane (brain side); bl=basolateral membrane (blood side); V=cerebral ventricle; epi=unlabeled ependymocyte; ep2=labeled ependymocyte; tj=tight junction. Scale bars: (A) 50 μm, (B) 1.12 μm, (C) 0.5 μm.

FIGS. 6A-D are a series of photographs showing that GFP-dockerin ligand binds to the cohesin receptor complex regardless of the virus serotype used for transduction or the mammalian receptor used in the cohesin fusion complex. AAV9-TfR-cohesin (FIG. 6A, B) vector or AAV1-NGFR-cohesin (FIG. 6C, D) vector were injected in the right striatum of mouse brains. Two weeks later, brain slices were incubated with GFP-dockerin. Fluorescent microscopy images show the GFP signal of brain slices with (FIG. 6B, D) and without (FIG. 6A, C) GFP-dockerin incubation. The hole marks the left side of the mouse brain Scale bar: 1.4 mm.

FIGS. 7A-E are a diagram and a series of photographs showing the distribution of TfR-cohesin receptor after injection of the receptor into a single brain ventricle. (FIG. 7A) Schematic representation of a mouse brain, sagital view. b-e lines indicate the approximate location of the brain images shown in b-e pictures. AAV9-TfR-cohesin vectors were injected in the right lateral ventricle of mouse brains. Two weeks later, coronal brain slices (FIG. 7B-E) were incubated with GFP-dockerin. Fluorescent microscopy images of rostral-to-caudal coronal sections show the extent of GFP signal from olfactory bulb/anterior olfactory nucleus (FIG. 7B) to hippocampus (FIG. 7E). The hole marks the left side of the mouse brain. Scale bar: 1.3 mm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Aspects of the disclosure relate to methods and compositions for targeting therapeutic or diagnostic agents to specific tissues or organs of a subject by localizing a heterologous receptor in the target tissue or organ of interest in the subject and administering the therapeutic or diagnostic agent to the subject in association with a ligand that is specific for the heterologous receptor. According to the disclosure, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent binds specifically to the heterologous receptor via the ligand and is thereby targeted to the tissue or organ of interest. This prevents non-specific targeting of the therapeutic or diagnostic agent to other tissues or organs in the subject.

As described herein, an engineered receptor/ligand system incorporating the cohesin-dockerin binding pair was developed for targeted delivery to the brain through the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), which generally prevents transport of agents between the blood and the CSF/brain. When the engineered receptor containing cohesin was expressed in cells in the BCSFB, the dockerin ligand for the receptor, which was fused to GFP, was able to bind selectively to the engineered receptor both in vitro and in vivo, resulting in targeted delivery to and transport across the BCSFB. Thus, the engineered receptor/ligand system was able to facilitate both selective binding to a tissue of interest and transport across a restrictive barrier to the CSF/brain.

It is understood in the art that the BCSFB comprises ependymal cells (or ependymocytes) and tight junctions. In some embodiments, upon injection of an adeno-associated virus vector carrying an engineered receptor, the virus would infect the ependymal cells of the choroid plexus. The ependymal cells of the BCSFB would express the receptor on the blood side of the barrier. Subsequently, a ligand that optionally comprises a nanoparticle would be injected intravenously. The carrier would bind to the receptor via the ligand, and the receptor would transport the nanoparticle to the brain side of the ependymal cells. During the transcytosis, the nanoparticle would release the cargo (e.g., a therapeutic or diagnostic agent) so when the vesicle fuses with the cellular membrane, the cargo would be released in the cerebrospinal fluid of the brain ventricles.

Accordingly, aspects of the disclosure relate to compositions and methods of targeted delivery of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a mammalian subject, utilizing a receptor that is not naturally expressed in the subject, such as an engineered receptor described herein. Such methods and compositions are useful, e.g., for delivering therapies and diagnostic agents in a targeted manner to potentially reduce off-target effects and toxicity and to lower dosages required for effectiveness of a particular therapeutic or diagnostic.

Methods

Aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of targeted delivery of a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a subject. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering a ligand associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent to a mammalian subject expressing a receptor for the ligand, wherein the receptor is not naturally expressed in the subject. Receptors and ligands are described herein. Diagnostic agents and therapeutic agents are also described herein.

The ligand associated with the therapeutic or diagnostic agent (e.g., in a composition) may be administered by any administration route known in the art or described herein. The route of administration of the ligand may be oral, parenteral, intravitreal, subretinal, by inhalation or topical. The term parenteral as used herein includes intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, intrathoracic, intrathecal, and subcutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the ligand associated with the therapeutic or diagnostic agent (e.g., in a composition) is administered via intravenous injection, intrapleural injection or intravitreal injection.

In some embodiments, the ligand associated with the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is contained within a composition, optionally comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier as described herein.

The ligand associated with the therapeutic or diagnostic agent or composition is typically administered to a subject in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result, such as targeted delivery of the associated therapeutic or diagnostic agent in the subject. The desirable result will depend upon the active agent being administered, the tissue being targeted, the subject and the disease being treated. For example, an effective amount of ligand may be an amount of the ligand required to cross the blood-brain barrier or blood-CSF barrier in order to deliver an agent. As is known in the art, dosage for any one subject depends on many factors, including the subject's size, body surface area, age, the particular ligand and/or agent to be administered, the time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. In some embodiments, the amount of ligand associated with therapeutic or diagnostic agent that is administered is calibrated to the amount of receptor expressed in the tissue or organ in the subject, the clearance rate of the ligand associated with therapeutic or diagnostic agent and the affinity of the ligand for the receptor. In some embodiments, the ligand is administered at a dose of between 1 microgram per gram of subject and 100 micrograms per gram of subject, such as between 1 microgram per gram of subject and 15 micrograms per gram of subject. In some embodiments, the ligand is administered, e.g., at a dose of 30 μg to 300 μg or at a dose of 1 milligram to 100 milligrams.

In some embodiments, the method further comprises administering a nucleic acid encoding the engineered (or heterologous) receptor for the ligand to the subject prior to administering the ligand associated with the therapeutic or diagnostic agent. The terms engineered and heterologous are used interchangeably herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is contained within an adeno-associated virus (e.g., a recombinant AAV), a retrovirus, a lentivirus, an adenovirus, an SV40 virus, a herpes virus, a vesicular stomatitis virus, or a poxvirus or the nucleic acid is contained within or conjugated to a nanoparticle. For example, the nucleic acid can be conjugated (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) to a nanoparticle using any method known in the art or described herein. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is contained within a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid contained within a recombinant AAV particle comprises inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences flanking a gene of interest that is operatively linked to an expression control sequence (e.g., a promoter sequence). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises ITR sequences flanking an expression cassette that contains a gene of interest under the control of a promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter, for example, a promoter sequence non-native to the gene of interest). In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is delivered to the choroid plexus of the subject. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or particle is delivered via intraventricular injection.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or particle is delivered via intrathecal injection, intraventricular injection, intraparenchymal injection or transnasal delivery. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or particle is delivered by disruption of the BBB and/or BCSFB followed by any administration route known in the art or described herein, such as intravenous or intraarterial injection.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a method of producing a mammalian subject that expresses a receptor, the method comprising introducing into a mammalian subject a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain that is not naturally expressed in the subject, such as a ligand-binding domain of a bacterial protein (e.g., a cohesin ligand-binding domain). In some embodiments, the receptor contains an extracellular domain of a non-mammalian protein, which contains the ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the receptor further contains an intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domain of a mammalian receptor, e.g., a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor. Other receptors and receptor domains are further described herein.

The promoter sequence may be any promoter sequence known in the art or described herein. In some embodiments, the promoter is a CMV and chicken beta-actin hybrid promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter sequence is a tissue-specific promoter sequence. Exemplary tissue-specific promoters are described herein.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is contained within an adeno-associated virus (e.g., a recombinant AAV), a retrovirus, a lentivirus, an adenovirus, an SV40 virus, a herpes virus, a vesicular stomatitis virus, or a poxvirus or the nucleic acid is contained within or conjugated to a nanoparticle, and the virus or nanoparticle containing the nucleic acid is administered to the subject. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is introduced into the subject via an rAAV particle containing the nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the rAAV is of a serotype rAAV1, rAAV4, or rAAV9. In some embodiments, the rAAV is of a serotype rAAV1 or rAAV9. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid further comprises ITR sequences, such as AAV2 ITR sequences, flanking the promoter sequence and the sequence that encodes the receptor. In some aspects, the disclosure relates to therapeutic applications for treating patients using a recombinant AAV particle (e.g., administering the rAAV particle described herein to a subject). In some embodiments, the rAAV particle being administered to a subject contains a gene of interest whose expression is under control of a promoter sequence, wherein said gene and promoter sequence are flanked by inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences. In some embodiments, the rAAV particle being administered to a subject contains an expression cassette comprising a gene of interest operatively linked to a promoter (e.g., a heterologous promoter, for example, a promoter sequence non-native to the gene of interest) and flanked by ITRs.

The nucleic acid may be administered by any administration route known in the art or described herein. The route of administration of the ligand may be oral, parenteral, intravitreal, subretinal, by direct injection into a target tissue (e.g., by intraventricular injection or direct injection into the brain, pancreas, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, prostate, cervix, or kidney), by inhalation or topical. The term parenteral as used herein includes intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intradermal, intrathoracic, intrathecal, and subcutaneous administration. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid is administered via intraventricular injection. Other exemplary administration routes include intracardiac via an intravenous catheter to target the heart or by portal vein to target the liver.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid (optionally contained within or attached to a virus or nanoparticle) is contained within a composition, optionally comprising a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier as described herein.

The nucleic acid or composition is typically administered to a subject in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result, such as expression of the receptor in the target tissue. The desirable result will depend upon the nucleic acid or composition being administered, the tissue being targeted, the subject and the disease being treated. For example, an effective amount of nucleic acid or composition may be an amount of the nucleic acid or composition required to express the receptor in the blood-brain barrier or blood-CSF barrier. As is known in the art, dosage for any one subject depends on many factors, including the subject's size, body surface area, age, the particular nucleic acid or composition to be administered, the time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently.

Receptor

Aspects of the disclosure relate to a receptor that is not naturally expressed in a subject (also referred to herein as a heterologous or engineered receptor) and uses thereof in compositions and methods described herein.

In some embodiments, a receptor is not naturally expressed in the subject if a nucleic acid encoding the receptor (in whole or in part) is not endogenous to the subject (e.g., not present in the subject until the nucleic acid is introduced into the subject artificially, such as by gene therapy or another means described herein). A receptor may be determined to be not naturally present in the subject using any method known in the art, e.g., by PCR detection (such as quantitative PCR, PCR followed by sequencing, and the like) of the nucleic acid encoding the receptor in a biological sample from the subject or by immunological assays (such as Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and the like) for detection of the receptor protein in a biological sample from the subject. In some embodiments, if the assay used does not produce a readout significantly above the noise typical for the particular assay, then the receptor is not naturally present in the subject. It is to be understood that the receptor may comprise naturally-occurring sequences, such as an intracellular, transmembrane and/or extracellular domains of an endogenous receptor, as long as the receptor as a whole is not naturally expressed in the subject.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a domain of a protein not naturally expressed in endogenous receptors of the subject, such as a non-mammalian protein or a mammalian protein that has a ligand that does not bind to endogenous receptors of the subject. In some embodiments, the domain has an amino acid sequence that is no more than 10%, no more than 20%, no more than 30%, no more than 40%, no more than 50%, no more than 60%, no more than 70%, no more than 80%, no more than 90%, no more than 95%, no more than 98%, or no more than 99% identical to an amino acid sequence in an endogenous receptor of the subject. For example, the heterologous receptor may be a chimeric receptor (e.g., containing a membrane anchoring domain from one protein and a ligand-binding domain from a different protein) or a modified endogenous receptor that hinds to a ligand that does not bind to the natural receptor or any other endogenous receptor of the host.

In some embodiments, the receptor at a minimum comprises a membrane anchoring domain, such as a protein domain or a lipid, and ligand-binding domain. In some embodiments, the ligand-binding domain can be a protein-binding domain, a peptide-binding domain, a nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) binding domain, or a small molecule binding domain.

Exemplary non-mammalian proteins include bacterial proteins, fungal proteins, arthropod proteins, avian proteins, reptile proteins, amphibian proteins, fish proteins, plant proteins and viral proteins. The non-mammalian protein may be, e.g., a scaffold protein, a receptor protein, a secreted protein, an enzyme, a structural protein, a signaling protein, a regulatory protein, a transport protein, a motor protein, a defense protein, or a transcription factor.

Exemplary mammalian proteins include mouse proteins, feline proteins, canine proteins, equine proteins, bovine proteins, porcine proteins, and human proteins. The mammalian protein may be, e.g., a nuclear transcription factor, a cytoplasmic protein, and nuclear or cytoplasmic enzyme.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a ligand-binding domain of a non-mammalian protein (e.g., a ligand-binding domain of a receptor, a transcription factor protein or a scaffold protein, a secreted protein, an enzyme, a structural protein, a signaling protein, a regulatory protein, a transport protein, a motor protein, or a defense protein), such as a ligand-binding domain of a bacterial protein, fungal protein, arthropod protein, avian protein, reptile protein, amphibian protein, fish protein, plant protein or viral protein. A ligand-binding domain is a domain that binds to a ligand of interest, such as a natural ligand of a receptor or a natural binding-partner of a protein, such as a binding partner of a transcription factor, a secreted protein, an enzyme, a structural protein, a signaling protein, a regulatory protein, a transport protein, a motor protein, a defense protein, or a scaffold protein including the cohesin-dockerin binding partners. The ligand-binding domain may bind specifically (i.e., bind preferentially or exclusively) to a ligand described herein. Specific binding of a ligand-binding domain to a ligand can be determined using methods known in the art, such as surface-plasmon resonance, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), yeast two-hybrid analysis, co-immunoprecipitation, neutral acrylamide gel analysis, affinity chromatography, quantitative Western blot, and the like. Nonspecific binding may be detected, e.g., by measuring labeled ligand binding in a sample in the presence of a saturating concentration of an unlabeled ligand that binds to the ligand-binding domain.

One exemplary engineered receptor described herein comprises a ligand binding domain of cohcsin and the extracellular, transmembrane, and intracellular domain of transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor. An exemplary ligand for this engineered receptor is a ligand comprising a dockerin domain, which is then associate with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent as described herein.

Another exemplary engineered receptor may utilize the tight binding between the DNA replication protein PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and polymerase delta, which is normally found only in the nucleus of mammalian cells that are dividing. The engineered receptor comprises a polymerase delta protein as part of the extracellular domain and a transmembrane domain and/or intracellular domain from a mammalian receptor such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). In this case, an exemplary ligand is PCNA, which is then associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent as described herein.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises an extracellular domain of a non-mammalian protein, such as an extracellular domain of a non-mammalian receptor. An extracellular domain is a domain that is present on the outside of a cell, such as a domain of a receptor that protrudes from the membrane or cell wall of a cell.

Extracellular and ligand-binding domains of proteins may be identified using any method known in the art or described herein. Exemplary databases for identifying such domains include the Pubmed Protein database at www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein, the RCSB database at www.rcsb.org/pdb/home/home.do, the Genecards database at www.genecards.org, the Interpro database at www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro, IUPHAR/BSP database at www.guidetopharmacology.org, and the Uniprot database at www.uniprot.org.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a cohesin ligand-binding domain, such as a cohesin domain that hinds dockerin. In some embodiments, the cohesin domain comprises cohesin 7 of the CipA scaffoldin gene¹³. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises the sequence shown below or a fragment thereof that binds dockerin. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the sequence shown below.

Exemplary Cohesin Amino Acid Sequence:

(SEQ ID NO: 1) AVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIPVRFSGIPSKGIANCDFVYSYDPNVLEIIEIE PGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYPDRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGAYAITEDGVFATIVA KVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGGFANNDLVEQKTQFFDGGVNVG

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises an extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain of a mammalian receptor. In some embodiments, the mammalian receptor chosen depends upon the tissue to be targeted, although the choice is not limited in this manner. For example, if targeting the brain, the mammalian receptor may be a transferrin receptor, a nerve growth factor receptor, an insulin receptor, an insulin-like growth factor receptor, a leptin receptor, a neonatal Fc receptor, a scavenger receptor type B, or a low-density lipoprotein receptor. In another example, if targeting the liver, the mammalian receptor may be a hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR). In another example, if targeting the monocyte cells, the mammalian receptor may be a CD14 receptor. In another example, if targeting macrophages, the mammalian receptor may be a CD68 receptor. In another example, if targeting endothelial cells, the mammalian receptor may be a FLT1 receptor. In another example, if targeting the kidney, the mammalian receptor may be a parathyroid hormone receptor (PTH1R).

In some embodiments, the extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain is a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain. In some embodiments, the extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain comprises the amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence shown below or a fragment thereof that, when included in a receptor, anchors the receptor to a cell membrane. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence encoded by a nucleotide sequence shown below.

Exemplary Transferrin Receptor nucleotide sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 2) ATGATGGATCAAGCTAGATCAGCATTCTCTAACTTGTTTGGTGGAGAACCA TTGTCATATACCCGGTTCAGCCTGGCTCGGCAAGTAGATGGCGATAACAGT CATGTGGAGATGAAACTTGCTGTAGATGAAGAAGAAAATGCTGACAATAAC ACAAAGGCCAATGTCACAAAACCAAAAAGGTGTAGTGGAAGTATCTGC TAT GGGACTATTGCTGTGATCGTCTTTTTCTTGATTGGATTTATGATTGGCTAC TTGGGCTATTGTAAAGGGGTAGAACCAAAAACTGAGTGTGAGAGACTGGCA GGAACCGAGTCTCCAGTGAGGGAGGAGCCAGGAGAGGACTTCCCTGCAGCA CGTCGCTTATATTGGGATGACCTGAAGAGAAAGTTGTCGGAGAAACTGGAC AGCACAGACTTCACCAGCACCATCAAGCTGCTGAATGAAAATTCATATGTC CCTCGTGAGGCTGGATCTCAAAAAGATGAAAATCTTGCGTTGTATGTTGAA AATCAATTTCGTGAATTTAAACTCAGCAAAGTCTGGCGTGATCAACATTTT GTTAAGATTCAGGTCAAAGACAGCGCTCAAAACTCGGTGATCATAGTTGAT AAGAACGGTAGACTTGTTTACCTGGTGGAGAATCCTGGGGGTTATGTGGCG TATAGTAAGGCTGCAACAGTTACTGGTAAACTGGTCCATGCTAATTTTGGT ACTAAAAAAGATTTTGAGGATTTATACACTCCTGTGAATGGATCTATAGTG ATTGTCAGAGCAGGGAAAATCACCTTTGCAGAAAAGGTTGCAAATGCTGAA AGCTTAAATGCAATTGGTGTGTTGATATACATGGACCAGACTAAATTTCCC ATTGTTAACGCAGAACTTTCATTCTTTGGACATGCTCATCTGGGGACAGGT GACCCTTACACACCTGGATTCCCTTCCTTCAATCACACTCAGTTTCCACCA TCTCGGTCATCAGGATTGCCTAATATACCTGTCCAGACAATCTCCAGAGCT GCTGCAGAAAAGCTGTTTGGGAATATGGAAGGAGACTGTCCCTCTGACTGG AAAACAGACTCTACATGTAGGATGGTAACCTCAGAAAGCAAGAATGTGAAG CTCACTGTGAGCAATGTGCTGAAAGAGATAAAAATTCTTAACATCTTTGGA GTTATTAAAGGCTTTGTAGAACCAGATCACTATGTTGTAGTTGGGGCCCAG AGAGATGCATGGGGCCCTGGAGCTGCAAAATCCGGTGTAGGCACAGCTCTC CTATTGAAACTTGCCCAGATGTTCTCAGATATGGTCTTAAAAGATGGGTTT CAGCCCAGCAGAAGCATTATCTTTGCCAGTTGGAGTGCTGGAGACTTTGGA TCGGTTGGTGCCACTGAATGGCTAGAGGGATACCTTTCGTCCCTGCATTTA AAGGCTTTCACTTATATTAATCTGGATAAAGCGGTTCTTGGTACCAGCAAC TTCAAGGTTTCTGCCAGCCCACTGTTGTATACGCTTATTGAGAAAACAATG CAAAATGTGAAGCATCCGGTTACTGGGCAATTTCTATATCAGGACAGCAAC TGGGCCAGCAAAGTTGAGAAACTCACTTTAGACAATGCTGCTTTCCCTTTC CTTGCATATTCTGGAATCCCAGCAGTTTCTTTCTGTTTTTGCGAGGACACA GATTATCCTTATTTGGGTACCACCATGGACACCTATAAGGAACTGATTGAG AGGATTCCTGAGTTGAACAAAGTGGCACGAGCAGCTGCAGAGGTCGCTGGT CAGTTCGTGATTAAACTAACCCATGATGTTGAATTGAACCTGGACTATGAG AGGTACAACAGCCAACTGCTTTCATTTGTGAGGGATCTGAACCAATACAGA GCAGACATAAAGGAAATGGGCCTGAGTTTACAGTGGCTGTATTCTGCTCGT GGAGACTTCTTCCGTGCTACTTCCAGACTAACAACAGATTTCGGGAATGCT GAGAAAACAGACAGATTTGTCATGAAGAAACTCAATGATCGTGTCATGAGA GTGGAGTATCACTTCCTCTCTCCCTACGTATCTCCAAAAGAGTCTCCTTTC CGACATGTCTTCTGGGGCTCCGGCTCTCACACGCTGCCAGCTTTACTGGAG AACTTGAAACTGCGTAAACAAAATAACGGTGCTTTTAATGAAACGCTGTTC AGAAACCAGTTGGCTCTAGCTACTTGGACTATTCAGGGAGCTGCAAATGCC CTCTCTGGTGACGTTTGGGACATTGACAATGAGTTT Italics = intracellular domain, underline = transmembrane domain, rest of sequence = extracellular domain (SEQ ID NO: 3) Exemplary Nerve Growth Factor nucleotide sequence: ATGGGGGCAGGTGCCACCGGCCGCGCCATGGACGGGCCGCGCCTGCTGCTG TTGCTGCTTCTGGGGGTGTCCCTTGGAGGTGCCACTCGAGTAGGAATTCCC AAGGAGGCATGCCCCACAGGCCTGTACACACACAGCGGTGAGTGCTGCAAA GCCTGCAACCTGGGCGAGGGTGTGGCCCAGCCTTGTGGAGCCAACCAGACC GTGTGTGAGCCCTGCCTGGACAGCGTGACGTTCTCCGACGTGGTGAGCGCG ACCGAGCCGTGCAAGCCGTGCACCGAGTGCGTGGGGCTCCAGAGCATGTCG GCGCCGTGCGTGGAGGCCGACGACGCCGTGTGCCGCTGCGCCTACGGCTAC TACCAGGATGAGACGACTGGGCGCTGCGAGGCGTGCCGCGTGTGCGAGGCG GGCTCGGGCCTCGTGTTCTCCTGCCAGGACAAGCAGAACACCGTGTGCGAG GAGTGCCCCGACGGCACGTATTCCGACGAGGCCAACCACGTGGACCCGTGC CTGCCCTGCACCGTGTGCGAGGACACCGAGCGCCAGCTCCGCGAGTGCACA CGCTGGGCCGACGCCGAGTGCGAGGAGATCCCTGGCCGTTGGATTACACGG TCCACACCCCCAGAGGGCTCGGACAGCACAGCCCCCAGCACCCAGGAGCCT GAGGCACCTCCAGAACAAGACCTCATAGCCAGCACGGTGGCAGGTGTGGTG ACCACAGTGATGGGCAGCTCCCAGCCCGTGGTGACCCGAGGCACCACCGAC AACCTCATCCCTGTCTATTGCTCCATCCTGGCTGCTGTGGTTGTGGGCCTT GTGGCCTACATAGCCTTC AAGAGGTGGAACAGGAGACACAAACAGAAAATT GTGGCACCGGTGAAACAGACTTTGAATTTTGACCTTCTCAAGTTGGCGGGA GACGTCGAGTCCAACCCTGGGCCCGGCGACACATCGATC Bold = Reticulum Signal Peptide, Italics and underlined = Extracellular Domain, Underlined = Transmembrane Domain, Italics = Intracellular Domain.

In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a cohesin domain and a human transferrin or human nerve growth factor receptor domain. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a cohesin 7 fused to a C-terminus of the human transferrin receptor. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a cohesin domain inserted in frame between a reticulum signal peptide of nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) and a NGFR amino acid sequence. In some embodiments, the receptor comprises a sequence as shown below or the receptor comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the sequence shown below.

Amino acid sequence of an exemplary engineered cohesin-transferrin receptor: (SEQ ID NO: 4) MMDQARSAFSNLFGGEPLSYTRFSLARQVDGDNSHVEMKLAVDEEENADNN TKANVTKPKRCSGSICYGTIAVIVFFLIGFMIGYLGYCKGVEPKTECERLA GTESPVREEPGEDFPAARRLYWDDLKRKLSEKLDSTDFTSTIKLLNENSYV PREAGSQKDENLALYVENQFREFKLSKVWRDQHFVKIQVKDSAQNSVIIVD KNGRLVYLVENPGGYVAYSKAATVTGKLVHANFGTKKDFEDLYTPVNGSIV IVRAGKITFAEKVANAESLNAIGVLIYMDQTKFPIVNAELSFFGHAHLGTG DPYTPGFPSFNHTQFPPSRSSGLPNIPVQTISRAAAEKLFGNMEGDCPSDW KTDSTCRMVTSESKNVKLTVSNVLKEIKILNIFGVIKGFVEPDHYVVVGAQ RDAWGPGAAKSGVGTALLLKLAQMFSDMVLKDGFQPSRSIIFASWSAGDFG SVGATEWLEGYLSSLHLKAFTYINLDKAVLGTSNFKVSASPLLYTLIEKTM QNVKHPVTGQFLYQDSNWASKVEKLTLDNAAFPFLAYSGIPAVSFCFCEDT DYPYLGTTMDTYKELIERIPELNKVARAAAEVAGQFVIKLTHDVELNLDYE RYNSQLLSFVRDLNQYRADIKEMGLSLQWLYSARGDFFRATSRLTTDFGNA EKTDRFVMKKLNDRVMRVEYHFLSPYVSPKESPFRHVFWGSGSHTLPALLE NLKLRKQNNGAFNETLFRNQLALATWTIQGAANALSGDVWDIDNEFSEFGS TGSTGSTGADPTRAAVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIPVRFSGIPSKGIANCDFV YSYDPNVLEIIEIEPGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYPDRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGA YAITEDGVFATIVAKVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGGFANNDLVEQKTQFFDGG VNVGT Amino acid sequence of an exemplary engineered cohesin-NGFR receptor: (SEQ ID NO: 5) MGAGATGRAMDGPRLLLLLLLGVSLGGATRAAVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIP VRFSGIPSKGIANCDFVYSYDPNVLEIIEIEPGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYP DRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGAYAITEDGVFATIVAKVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGG FANNDLVEQKTQFFDGGVNVGTRVGIPKEACPTGLYTHSGECCKACNLGEG VAQPCGANQTVCEPCLDSVTFSDVVSATEPCKPCTECVGLQSMSAPCVEAD DAVCRCAYGYYQDETTGRCEACRVCEAGSGLVFSCQDKQNTVCEECPDGTY SDEANHVDPCLPCTVCEDTERQLRECTRWADAECEEIPGRWITRSTPPEGS DSTAPSTQEPEAPPEQDLIASTVAGVVTTVMGSSQPVVTRGTTDNLIPVYC SILAAVVVGLVAYIAFKRWNRRHKQKIVAPVKQTLNFDLLKLAGDVESNPG PGDTSI

In some embodiments, the receptor is localized to an organ or tissue of interest in the subject. The receptor may be localized to an organ or tissue using any method known in the art or described herein. The localization of the receptor may be controlled or adjusted, e.g., by delivering the receptor directly to the organ or tissue (such as by direct injection into the organ or tissue), by utilizing tissue-specific promoters in the receptor expression construct, and/or by utilizing delivery vehicles having tissue-specific properties (such as a specific serotype of rAAV, which may transduce tissues or organs selectively).

The receptor may be made using any method known in the art or described herein. For example, DNA encoding domains from a non-mammalian protein may be combined in frame with DNA encoding an extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain of a mammalian receptor using standard cloning techniques or by de novo synthesis of the combined coding sequence to produce a construct encoding the receptor. The construct encoding the receptor can be introduced into a nucleic acid vector, such as a plasmid (e.g., comprising an origin of replication (such as an E. coli ORI) and optionally a selectable marker (such as an Ampicillin or Kanamycin selectable marker)). The nucleic acid vector or the construct contained therein can then be formulated for delivery to a tissue or cell of interest using any method known in the art or described herein, e.g., by packaging the nucleic acid vector or the construct into an adeno-associated virus (AAV including recombinant AAV), a retrovirus, a lentivirus (e.g., HIV), an adenovirus, a papovavirus (e.g., an SV40 virus), a herpes virus, a vesicular stomatitis virus, or a poxvirus or by incorporating the nucleic acid vector into or conjugating nucleic acid vector to a nanoparticle, such as a liposome, micelle or polymeric nanoparticle (e.g., poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)). In some embodiments, for long term or permanent expression of the receptor, the nucleic acid vector is packaged into an AAV, a lentivirus (e.g., HIV), a herpes virus or a papovavirus (e.g., SV40) for delivery to the subject. In some embodiments, for short term expression of receptor (e.g., for one week to three months), the nucleic acid vector is packaged into an adenovirus, a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), or any other short term infectious virus (which could be engineered for this purpose using standard molecular biology techniques), or is conjugated to a nanoparticle for delivery to the subject.

Ligand

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a ligand for a receptor as described herein, wherein the ligand is associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, the ligand specifically binds to the receptor (e.g., specifically binds to the ligand-binding domain of the receptor, such as a cohesin domain). In some embodiments, the ligand is a protein or peptide, e.g., comprising a dockerin domain. Although it should be understood that other ligands (e.g., small molecule or a nucleic acid) could be used, provided they have appropriate binding properties, such as those described herein.

In some embodiments, the ligand is one that does not bind to any naturally occurring receptors in a subject or binds to naturally occurring receptors with a dissociation constant (K_(D)) of greater than 10⁻⁵ M or a binding affinity of less than 10⁵M⁻¹. As used herein, binding affinity (K_(A)) is the reciprocal of the dissociation constant (K_(D)), where K_(D)=[R][L]/[C], where [R], [L] and [C] represent molar concentrations of the receptor, ligand and complex, respectively. Higher affinity binding of a ligand to a first target relative (e.g., a heterologous receptor) to a second target (e.g., a naturally occurring receptor) can be indicated by a higher K_(A) (or inversely a smaller K_(D)) for binding the first target than the K_(A) (or K_(D)) for binding the second target. Conversely, lower affinity binding of a ligand to a first target relative (e.g., a heterologous receptor) to a second target (e.g., a naturally occurring receptor) can be indicated by a lower K_(A) (or inversely a larger K_(D)) for binding the first target than the K_(A) (or K_(D)) for binding the second target. Differences in binding affinity between the heterologous receptor and naturally occurring receptors can be at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15, 20, 37.5, 50, 70, 80, 91, 100, 500, 1000, 10,000 or 10⁵ fold.

In some embodiments, the ligand binds to the heterologous receptor as described herein with a K_(D) of less than 10⁸, 10⁻⁹, 10⁻¹⁰, 10⁻¹¹, or 10¹² M or a binding affinity of at least 10⁸, 10⁹, 10¹⁰, 10¹¹, or 10¹² M⁻¹. In some embodiments, the ligand binds to the heterologous receptor as described herein with a K_(D) of between 10⁻⁸ and 10⁻¹⁵ M (such as between 10⁻⁸ and 10⁻¹⁴ M, 10⁻⁸ and 10⁻¹³ M, or 10⁻⁸ and 10⁻¹²M), or a binding affinity of between 10⁸ and 10¹⁵ M⁻¹ (such as between 10⁸ and 10¹⁴ M⁻¹, 10⁸ and 10¹³ M⁻¹, or 10⁸ and 10¹² M⁻¹). Ligand and ligand-binding domain pairs for use in the engineered receptor-ligand system described herein can be identified using any method known in the art or described herein. For example, several databases of protein-protein interactions are available, which one of ordinary skill in the art may use to identify protein-protein interactions that guide design of a particular engineered receptor-ligand pair for use in the compositions and methods described herein. Exemplary databases include BioGRID (thebiogrid.org, Version 3.2.119), Database of Interacting Proteins (dip.doe-mbi.ucla.edu/dip/Main.cgi and The Database of Interacting Proteins: 2004 update. Salwinski L, Miller C S, Smith A J, Pettit F K, Bowie J U, Eisenberg D. NAR 32(Database issue):D449-51 (2004)), Human Protein Reference Database (www.hprd.org and Prasad, T. S. K. et al. (2009) Human Protein Reference Database—2009 Update. Nucleic Acids Research. 37, D767-72), IntAct (www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/and The MIntAct project—IntAct as a common curation platform for 11 molecular interaction databases. Orchard S et al. Nucl. Acids Res. (2013) doi: 10.1093/nadgkt1115), Molecular INTeraction database (MINT: mint.bio.uniroma2.it/mint/Welcome.do and MINT, the molecular interaction database: 2012 update. Licata L, Briganti L, Peluso D, Perfetto L, Iannuccelli M, Galeota E, Sacco F, Palma A, Nardozza A P, Santonico E, Castagnoli L, Cesareni G. Nucleic Acids Res. 2012 January; 40(Database issue):D857-61. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkr930), MIPS (mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/proj/ppi/ and Pagel P, Kovac S, Oesterheld M, Brauner B, Dunger-Kaltenbach I, Frishman G, Montrone C, Mark P. Stümpflen V, Mewes H W, Ruepp A, Frishman D. The MIPS mammalian protein-protein interaction database. Bioinformatics 2005; 21(6):832-834), STRING (string-db.org, version 9.1 and Franceschini A et al. STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Res. 2013 January; 41(Database issue):D808-15. doi: 10.1093/nar/gks1094), DroID (www.droidb.org/ and Murali T, Pacifico S. Yu J. Guest S, Roberts GG 3rd, Finley R L Jr. DroID 2011: a comprehensive, integrated resource for protein, transcription factor, RNA and gene interactions for Drosophila. Nucleic Acids Res. 2010 Oct. 29. doi: 10.1093/nar/gkq109), Mouse protein-protein interactions (genome.gsc.riken.go.jp/ppi/and Suzuki H. et al. (2001) Protein-Protein Interaction Panel using Mouse Full-Length cDNAs. Genome Res.), and other protein databases described in the Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics Protein Interaction Database page (proteome.wayne.edu/PIDBL.html).

As described herein, one such exemplary binding pair is dockerin and cohesin. Dockerin is a protein domain found in the cellulosome cellular structure. The binding partner of dockerin is the cohesin domain, located on the scaffoldin protein. Binding of the dockerin domains of the cellulosome and the cohesin domains of the scaffoldin protein results in the formation of the cellulosome complex. There are three types of Dockerin domains: I, II and III which bind to Cohesin Type I, Cohesin Type II and Cohesin Type III, respectively.

In some embodiments, the dockerin and cohesin domains are type I, e.g., type I dockerin from the gene CelA and the type I cohesin 7 from the CipA scaffoldin gene from the bacteria Clostridium thermocellum. Dockerin type I from C. thermocellum shows high affinity (K_(D) between 10⁻⁸-10⁻¹¹M) for cohesin type I from C. thermocellum and does not recognize the closely related cohesin type I from C. cellulolyticum. (see, e.g., Pages et al. Species-specificity of the cohesin-dockerin interaction between Clostridium thermocellum and Clostridium cellulolyticum: prediction of specificity determinants of the dockerin domain. Proteins. 1997 December; 29(4):517-27; and Mechaly et al. Cohesin-dockerin interaction in cellulosome assembly: a single hydroxyl group of a dockerin domain distinguishes between nonrecognition and high affinity recognition. J Biol Chem. 2001 Mar. 30; 276(13):9883-8.)

Other exemplary species having dockerin and cohesin domains for use with the disclosure include Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium cellulolyticum. Other exemplary species include Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Clostridium cellulovorans, Clostridium clariflavum, Clostridium josui, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.

In some embodiments, the ligand is a peptide or protein comprising a dockerin domain. In some embodiments, the dockerin domain comprises the amino acid sequence shown below or a fragment thereof that binds to cohesin. In some embodiments, the dockerin domain comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence shown below.

Exemplary Dockerin amino acid sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 6) FPNPLSDLSGQPTPPSNPTPSLPPQVVYGDVNGDGNVNSTDLTMLKRYLLK SVTNINREAADVNRDGAINSSDMTILKRYLIKSIPHLPY Exemplary Dockerin nucleotide sequence: (SEQ ID NO: 7) TTCCCGAATCCTTTGAGTGACCTTTCCGGCCAACCGACACCACCGTCGAAT CCGACACCTTCATTGCCTCCTCAGGTTGTTTACGGTGATGTAAATGGCGAC GGTAATGTTAACTCCACTGATTTGACTATGTTAAAAAGATATCTGCTGAAG AGTGTTACCAATATAAACAGAGAGGCTGCAGACGTTAATCGTGACGGTGCG ATTAACTCCTCTGACATGACTATATTAAAGAGATATCTGATAAAGAGCATA CCCCACCTACCTTAT

Other exemplary interacting proteins or peptides that could be used to design a ligand and receptor pair as described herein include Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PNCA) and polymerase delta, Barnase and barstar, RNase SA and barstar, Colicin E9 and Im9 (immunity protein specific for ColE9), Colicin E9 and Im2 (immunity protein specific for ColE2), Chymotrypsin and BPTI (bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor), Trypsin and BPTI, Flu hemagglutinin and Fab HC19, Fab D44.1 and lysozyme, HIV-1 Nef and Fyn SH3 domain (R96I), TCR-Vβ and SEC3-1A4 variant, Cole9 and Lm9, Calmodulin and the peptide having the sequence KRRWKKNFIAVSAANRFKKISSSGAL (SEQ ID NO: 8), and Streptavidin and Strep-tag II (WSHPQFEK, SEQ ID NO: 9) (see, e.g., Panagiotis L Kastritis et al. A structure-based benchmark for protein—protein binding affinity. Protein Sci. March 2011; 20(3): 482-491; and Garinot-Schneider et al. Identification of residues in the putative TolA box which are essential for the toxicity of the endonuclease toxin colicin E9. Microbiology September 1997 vol. 143 no. 9: 2931-2938; and Hartley. Barnase and barstar: two small proteins to fold and fit together. Trends Biochem Sci. 1989 November; 14(11):450-4).

In some embodiments, a first ligand and a second ligand are contemplated herein for use with a first receptor and a second receptor, e.g., to deliver two diagnostic or therapeutic agents to a subject. For example, the first ligand may comprise a dockerin from a first species and the first receptor may comprise a first cohesin from the first species, whereas the second ligand may comprise a dockerin from a second species and the second receptor may comprise a second cohesin from the second species. For example, dockerin/cohesin from Clostridium thermocellum can be used to deliver a first diagnostic or therapeutic agent while a dockerin/cohesin pair from Clostridium cellulolyticum can be used to deliver the second diagnostic or therapeutic agent. In some embodiments, the first species is selected from the group consisting of Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Clostridium cellulovorans, Clostridium clariflavum, Clostridium josui. Clostridium papyrosolvens, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, and the second species is a different species selected from the group consisting of Clostridium thermocellum, Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium cellulolyticum, Acetivibrio cellulolyticus, Bacteroides cellulosolvens, Clostridium cellulovorans, Clostridium clariflavum, Clostridium josui, Clostridium papyrosolvens, Ruminococcus albus, and Ruminococcus flavefaciens.

A ligand as described herein can be produced using any method known in the art or described herein, such as by recombinant expression of the ligand in a host cell or by synthesis of the ligand. The host cell can be, e.g., a bacterial cell, an insect cell or a mammalian cell. Recombinant methods for producing protein and peptide ligands are known in the art (see, e.g., Wingfield, P. T. 2010. Production of Recombinant Proteins. Current Protocols in Protein Science. 61:5.0:5.0.1-5.0.4; Murphy, C. I., Piwnica-Worms, H., Grunwald, S., Romanow, W. G., Francis, N. and Fan, H.-Y. 2004. Expression and Purification of Recombinant Proteins Using the Baculovirus System. Current Protocols in Molecular Biology. 65:11:16.11:16.11.1-16.11.14; and LaVallie, E. R. 2001. Production of Recombinant Proteins in Escherichia coli. Current Protocols in Protein Science. 00:5.1:5.1.1-5.1.8). Methods of synthesizing ligands, such as peptides, include liquid-phase synthesis and solid-phase synthesis, which are known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., Albericio, F. (2000). Solid-Phase Synthesis: A Practical Guide (1 ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press; Stawikowski, M. and Fields, G. B. 2012. Introduction to Peptide Synthesis. Current Protocols in Protein Science. 69:18.1:18.1.1-18.1.13; and commercial synthesis services available from Pierce Biotechnology, Inc., Genscript, Sigma-Aldrich, and Life Technologies).

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Agents

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a ligand as described herein (e.g., a ligand comprising a dockerin domain) associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent.

Any therapeutic agent known in the art or described herein is completed for use with a ligand as described herein. In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is selected from the group consisting of a protein, a peptide, a DNA molecule (or fragment thereof), an RNA molecule (or fragment thereof), a virus (such as an adeno-associated virus) or a small molecule or other drug compound.

Exemplary, non-limiting therapeutic proteins include enzymes, transcription factors, structural proteins, receptors, transport proteins, and antibodies (including antigen-binding fragments thereof). Non-limiting examples of therapeutic proteins and peptides include Erythropoietin, Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Human growth hormone, human insulin, Follicle-stimulating hormone, Factor VIII, alpha-galactosidase A, alpha-L-iduronidase, N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase, Dornase alfa, Tissue plasminogen activator, Glucocerebrosidase, Interferon-beta-1a. Insulin-like growth factor 1, somatotropin, Factor IX, Antithrombin III, Protein C, Iduronate-2-sulphatase, Galsulphase, α-1-Proteinase inhibitor, Lactase, lipase, amylase, protease, Adenosine deaminase, Pooled immunoglobulins, Human albumin, Darbepoetin-α, interleukin11, Human follicle-stimulating hormone, Human chorionic gonadotropin, Lutropin-α, Type I alpha-interferon, Interferon-α2a, Interferon-α2b, Interferon-αn3, Interferon-β1a, Interferon-β1b, Interferon-γ1b, interleukin 2, Reteplase, Tenecteplase, Urokinase, Factor VIIa, Drotrecogin-α, Salmon calcitonin, Teriparatide, Exenatide, Octreotide, Dibotermin-α, Recombinant human bone morphogenic protein 7, Histrelin acetate, keratinocyte growth factor, Becaplermin, Trypsin, Nesiritide, Botulinum toxin type A, Botulinum toxin type B. Collagenase, Human deoxyribonuclease I, Hyaluronidase, Papain, l-Asparaginase, Rasburicase, Lepirudin, Bivalirudin, Streptokinase, Anistreplase, Bevacizumab, Cetuximab, Panitumumab, Alemtuzumab, Rituximab, Trastuzumab, Abatacept, Anakinra, Adalimumab, Etanercept, Infliximab, Alefacept, Efalizumab, Natalizumab, Eculizumab, Antithymocyte globulin (rabbit), Basiliximab, Daclizumab, MuromonabCD3, Omalizumab, Palivizumab, Enfuvirtide, Abciximab, Pegvisomant, Crotalidae polyvalent immune Fab (ovine), Digoxin immune serum Fab (ovine), Ranibizumab, Denileukin diftitox, Ibritumomab tiuxetan, Gemtuzumab ozogamicin, Tositumomab, Hepatitis B surface antigen, Anti-Rhesus (Rh) immunoglobulin G (see, e.g., Leader et al. Protein therapeutics: a summary and pharmacological classification. 2008. Nature Reviews: Drug Discovery. Vol 7, 21-39). Other examples of therapeutic proteins and peptides arc provided in Table 2.

Exemplary therapeutic proteins and peptides for delivery across the BBB or the BCSFB include, but are not limited to nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), glial cell-line neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Substance P, neuropeptide Y, and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).

Exemplary, non-limiting therapeutic adeno-associated viruses include rAAVs carrying a nucleic acid construct encoding a protein or peptide of interest. Exemplary proteins and peptides that can be encapsidated in a rAAV is provided in Table 2 below. The rAAV may be of any serotype known in the art or described herein. The nucleic acid construct may further comprise a promoter or enhancer sequence known in the art or described herein.

TABLE 2 Exemplary proteins and peptides Non-limiting Non-limiting exemplary diseases, NCBI Protein IDs disorders, or or Patent SEQ ID Protein or Peptide phenotypes NOs beta-catenin (CTNNB1) hepatocellular carcinoma NP_001091679.1, NP_001091680.1, NP_001895.1 pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) hepatocellular carcinoma NP_000275.1, NP_001166925.1, NP_001166926.1, NP_001166927.1, NP_000916.2, NP_001166939.1 parvovirus B19 non-structural protein hepatocellular carcinoma YP_004928144.1 (B19 NS1) Trichosanthin (TCS) hepatocellular carcinoma XP_008243881.1 beta-globin (HBB) hemoglobinopathies NP_000509.1 acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA) Pompe disease NP_000143.2, NP_001073271.1, NP_001073272.1 Methyl CpG binding protein 2 Rett syndrome NP_001104262.1, (MECP2) NP_004983.1 Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase Parkinson's disease NP_000781.1, (AADC) NP_001076440.1, NP_001229815.1, NP_001229816.1, NP_001229817.1, NP_001229818.1, NP_001229819.1 Glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor Parkinson's disease NP_000505.1, (GDNF) NP_001177397.1, NP_001177398.1, NP_001265027.1, NP_954701.1 Cystic fibrosis transmembrane Cystic fibrosis NP_000483.3 conductance regulator (CFTR) Tumor necrosis factor receptor fused Arthritis, Rheumatoid arthritis SEQ ID NO. 1 of to an antibody Fc (TNFR:Fc) WO2013025079 HIV-1 gag-proΔrt (tgAAC09) HIV infection SEQ ID NOs. 1-5 of WO2006073496 Sarcoglycan alpha, beta, gamma, Muscular dystrophy SGCA delta, epsilon, or zeta (SGCA, SGCB, NP_000014.1, SGCG, SGCD, SGCE, or SGCZ) NP_001129169.1 SGCB NP_000223.1 SGCG NP_000222.1 SGCD NP_000328.2, NP_001121681.1, NP_758447.1 SGCE NP_001092870.1, NP_001092871.1, NP_003910.1 SGCZ NP_631906.2 Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) Hereditary emphysema or NP_000286.3, Alpha-1-antitrypsin NP_001002235.1, deficiency NP_001002236.1, NP_001121172.1, NP_001121173.1, NP_001121174.1, NP_001121175.1, NP_001121176.1, NP_001121177.1, NP_001121178.1, NP_001121179.1 Glutamate decarboxylase Parkinson's disease NP_000808.2, 1(GAD1) NP_038473.2 Glutamate decarboxylase Parkinson's disease NP_000809.1, 2 (GAD2) NP_001127838.1 Aspartoacylase (ASPA) Canavan's disease NP_000040.1, NP_001121557.1 Nerve growth factor (NGF) Alzheimer's disease NP_002497.2 Granulocyte-macrophage colony Prostate cancer NP_000749.2 stimulating factory (GM-CSF) Cluster of Differentiation 86 (CD86 or Malignant melanoma NP_001193853.1, B7-2) NP_001193854.1, NP_008820.3, NP_787058.4, NP_795711.1 Interleukin 12 (IL-12) Malignant melanoma NP_000873.2, NP_002178.2 neuropeptide Y (NPY) Parkinson's disease, epilepsy NP_000896.1 ATPase, Ca++ transporting, cardiac Chronic heart failure NP_001672.1, muscle, slow twitch 2 (SERCA2) NP_733765.1 Dystrophin or Minidystrophin Muscular dystrophy NP_000100.2, NP_003997.1, NP_004000.1, NP_004001.1, NP_004002.2, NP_004003.1, NP_004004.1, NP_004005.1, NP_004006.1, NP_004007.1, NP_004008.1, NP_004009.1, NP_004010.1, NP_004011.2, NP_004012.1, NP_004013.1, NP_004014.1 Ceroid lipofuscinosis neuronal 2 Late infantile neuronal NP_000382.3 (CLN2) ceroidlipofuscinosis or Batten's disease Neurturin (NRTN) Parkinson's disease NP_004549.1 N-acetylglucosaminidase, alpha Sanfilippo syndrome NP_000254.2 (NAGLU) (MPSIIIB) Iduronidase, alpha-1 (IDUA) MPSI-Hurler NP_000194.2 Iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS) MPSII-Hunter NP_000193.1, NP_001160022.1, NP_006114.1 Glucuronidase, beta (GUSB) MPSVII-Sly NP_000172.2, NP_001271219.1 Hexosaminidase A, α polypeptide, Tay-Sachs NP_000511.2 also called beta-Hexosaminidase alpha (HEXA) Hexosaminidase B, β polypeptide, also Tay-Sachs NP_000512.1, called beta-Hexosaminidase beta NP_001278933.1 (HEXB) Retinal pigment epithelium-specific Leber congenital amaurosis NP_000320.1 protein 65 kDa (RPE65) Factor IX (FIX) Hemophilia B NP_000124.1 Adenine nucleotide translocator progressive external NP_001142.2 (ANT-1) ophthalmoplegia ApaLI mitochondrial heteroplasmy, YP_007161330.1 myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) or mitochondrial encephalomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) NADH ubiquinone Leber hereditary YP_003024035.1 oxidoreductase subunit 4 (ND4) optic very long-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase very long-chain acyl-CoA NP_000009.1, (VLCAD) dehydrogenase (VLCAD) NP_001029031.1, deficiency NP_001257376.1, NP_001257377.1 short-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short-chain acyl-CoA NP_000008.1 (SCAD) dehydrogenase (SCAD) deficiency medium-chain acyl-CoA medium-chain acyl-CoA NP_000007.1, dehydrogenase (MCAD) dehydrogenase (MCAD) NP_001120800.1, deficiency NP_001272971.1, NP_001272972.1, NP_001272973.1 Myotubularin 1 (MTM1) X-linked myotubular NP_000243.1 myopathy Myophosphorylase (PYGM) McArdle disease (glycogen NP_001158188.1, storage disease type V, NP_005600.1 myophosphorylase deficiency) Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) LPL deficiency NP_000228.1 sFLT01 (VEGF/PlGF (placental Age-related macular SEQ ID NO: 2, 8, growth factor) binding domain of degeneration 21, 23, or 25 of human VEGFR1/Flt-1 (hVEGFR1) WO2009105669 fused to the Fc portion of human IgG(1) through a polyglycine linker) Glucocerebrosidase (GC) Gaucher disease NP_000148.2, NP_001005741.1, NP_001005742.1, NP_001165282.1, NP_001165283.1 UDP glucuronosyltransferase 1 Crigler-Najjar syndrome NP_000454.1 family, polypeptide A1 (UGT1A1) Glucose 6-phosphatase (G6Pase) GSD-Ia NP_000142.2, NP_001257326.1 Ornithine carbamoyltransferase (OTC) OTC deficiency NP_000522.3 Cystathionine-beta-synthase (CBS) Homocystinuria NP_000062.1, NP_001171479.1, NP_001171480.1 Factor VIII (F8) Haemophilia A NP_000123.1, NP_063916.1 Hemochromatosis (HFE) Hemochromatosis NP_000401.1, NP_620572.1, NP_620573.1, NP_620575.1, NP_620576.1, NP_620577.1, NP_620578.1, NP_620579.1, NP_620580.1 Low density lipoprotein receptor Phenylketonuria (PKU) NP_000518.1, (LDLR) NP_001182727.1, NP_001182728.1, NP_001182729.1, NP_001182732.1 Galactosidase, alpha (AGA) Fabry disease NP_000160.1 Phenylalanine Hypercholesterolaemia or NP_000268.1 hydroxylase (PAH) Phenylketonuria (PKU) Propionyl CoA carboxylase, alpha Propionic acidaemias NP_000273.2, polypeptide (PCCA) NP_001121164.1, NP_001171475.1 myosin 7A (MYO7A) Usher syndrome 1B NP_000251.3, NP_001120651.2, NP_001120652.1

Therapeutic small molecules are also known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., Approved Drug Products with therapeutic equivalence evaluations, 34^(th) edition. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION. 2014). Specific examples of non-limiting therapeutic small molecules include the lists as follows, which are classified by type of small molecule, but are understood not to be limited by the type.

Adrenergic: Adrenalone; Amidephrine Mesylate; Apraclonidine Hydrochloride; Brimonidine Tartrate; Dapiprazole Hydrochloride; Deterenol Hydrochloride; Dipivefrin; Dopamine Hydrochloride; Ephedrine Sulfate; Epinephrine; Epinephrine Bitartrate; Epinephryl Borate; Esproquin Hydrochloride; Etafedrine Hydrochloride; Hydroxyamphetamine Hydrobromide; Levonordefrin; Mephentermine Sulfate; Metaraminol Bitartrate; Metizoline Hydrochloride; Naphazoline Hydrochloride; Norepinephrine Bitartrate; Oxidopamine; Oxymetazoline Hydrochloride; Phenylephrine Hydrochloride; Phenylpropanol amine Hydrochloride; Phenylpropanol amine Polistirex; Prenalterol Hydrochloride; Propylhexedrine; Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride; Tetrahydrozoline Hydrochloride; Tramazoline Hydrochloride; and Xylometazoline Hydrochloride.

Adrenocortical steroid: Ciprocinonide; Desoxycorticosterone Acetate; Desoxycorticosterone Pivalate; Dexamethasone Acetate; Fludrocortisone Acetate; Flumoxonide; Hydrocortisone Hemisuccinate; Methylprednisolone Hemisuccinate; Naflocort; Procinonide; Timobesone Acetate; and Tipredane.

Adrenocortical suppressant: Aminoglutethimide; and Trilostane.

Alcohol deterrent: Disulfiram.

Aldosterone antagonist: Canrenoate Potassium; Canrenone; Dicirenone; Mexrenoate Potassium; Prorenoate Potassium; and Spironolactone.

Amino acid: Alanine; Arginine; Aspartic Acid; Carnitine; Cysteine Hydrochloride; Cystine; Glycine; Histidine; Isoleucine; Leucine; Lysine; Lysine Acetate; Lysine Hydrochloride; Methionine; Phenylalanine; Proline; Serine; Threonine; Tryptophan; Tyrosine; and Valine.

Ammonia dctoxicant: Arginine Glutamate; and Arginine Hydrochloride.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis agents: Riluzole

Anabolic: Bolandiol Dipropionate; Bolasterone; Boldenone Undecylenate; Bolenol; Bolmantalate; Ethylestrenol; Methenolone Acetate; Methenolone Enanthate; Mibolerone; Nandrolone Cyclotate; Norbolethone; Pizotyline; Quinbolone; Stenbolone Acetate; Tibolone; and Zeranol.

Analeptic: Modafinil.

Analgesic: Acetaminophen; Alfentanil Hydrochloride; Aminobenzoate Potassium; Aminobenzoate Sodium; Anidoxime; Anileridine; Anileridine Hydrochloride; Anilopam Hydrochloride; Anirolac; Antipyrine; Aspirin; Benoxaprofen; Benzydamine Hydrochloride; Bicifadine Hydrochloride; Brifentanil Hydrochloride; Bromadoline Maleate; Bromfenac Sodium; Buprenorphine Hydrochloride; Butacetin; Butixirate; Butorphanol; Butorphanol Tartrate; Carbamazepine; Carbaspirin Calcium; Carbiphene Hydrochloride; Carfentanil Citrate; Ciprefadol Succinate; Ciramadol; Ciramadol Hydrochloride; Clonixeril; Clonixin; Codeine; Codeine Phosphate; Codeine Sulfate; Conorphone Hydrochloride; Cyclazocine; Dexoxadrol Hydrochloride; Dexpemedolac; Dezocine; Diflunisal; Dihydrocodeine Bitartrate; Dimefadane; Dipyrone; Doxpicomine Hydrochloride; Drinidene; Enadoline Hydrochloride; Epirizole; Ergotamine Tartrate; Ethoxazene Hydrochloride; Etofenamate; Eugenol; Fenoprofen; Fenoprofen Calcium; Fentanyl Citrate; Floctafenine; Flufenisal; Flunixin; Flunixin Meglumine; Flupirtine Maleate; Fluproquazone; Fluradoline Hydrochloride; Flurbiprofen; Hydromorphone Hydrochloride; Ibufenac; Indoprofen; Ketazocine; Ketorfanol; Ketorolac Tromethamine; Lctimide Hydrochloride; Levomethadyl Acetate; Levomethadyl Acetate Hydrochloride; Levonantradol Hydrochloride; Levorphanol Tartrate; Lofemizole Hydrochloride; Lofentanil Oxalate; Lorcinadol; Lornoxicam; Magnesium Salicylate; Mefenamic Acid; Menabitan Hydrochloride; Meperidine Hydrochloride; Meptazinol Hydrochloride; Methadone Hydrochloride; Methadyl Acetate; Methopholine; Methotrimeprazine; Metkephamid Acetate; Mimbane Hydrochloride; Mirfentanil Hydrochloride; Molinazone; Morphine Sulfate; Moxazocine; Nabitan Hydrochloride; Nalbuphine Hydrochloride; Nalmexone Hydrochloride; Namoxyrate; Nantradol Hydrochloride; Naproxen; Naproxen Sodium; Naproxol; Nefopam Hydrochloride; Nexeridine Hydrochloride; Noracymethadol Hydrochloride; Ocfentanil Hydrochloride; Octazamide; Olvanil; Oxetorone Fumarate; Oxycodone; Oxycodone Hydrochloride; Oxycodone Terephthalate; Oxymorphone Hydrochloride; Pemedolac; Pentamorphone; Pentazocine; Pentazocine Hydrochloride; Pentazocine Lactate; Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride; Phenyramidol Hydrochloride; Picenadol Hydrochloride; Pinadoline; Pirfenidone; Piroxicam Olamine; Pravadoline Maleate; Prodilidine Hydrochloride; Profadol Hydrochloride; Propiram Fumarate; Propoxyphene Hydrochloride; Propoxyphene Napsylate; Proxazole; Proxazole Citrate; Proxorphan Tartrate; Pyrroliphene Hydrochloride; Remifentanil Hydrochloride; Salcolex; Salicylamide; Salicylate Meglumine; Salsalate; Sodium Salicylate; Spiradoline Mesylate; Sufentanil; Sufentanil Citrate; Talmetacin; Talniflumate; Talosalate; Tazadolene Succinate; Tebufelone; Tetrydamine; Tifurac Sodium; Tilidine Hydrochloride; Tiopinac; Tonazocine Mesylate; Tramadol Hydrochloride; Trefentanil Hydrochloride; Trolamine; Veradoline Hydrochloride; Verilopam Hydrochloride; Vol azocine; Xorphanol Mesylate; Xylazine Hydrochloride; Zomepirac Sodium; and Zucapsaicin.

Androgen: Fluoxymesterone; Mesterolone; Methyltestosterone; Nandrolone Decanoate; Nandrolone Phenpropionate; Nisterime Acetate; Oxandrolone; Oxymetholone; Silandrone; Stanozolol; Testosterone; Testosterone Cypionate; Testosterone Enanthate; Testosterone Ketolaurate; Testosterone Phenylacetate; Testosterone Propionate; Trestolone Acetate.

Anesthesia (adjunct to): Sodium Oxybate.

Anesthetic: Aliflurane; Benoxinate Hydrochloride; Benzocaine; Biphenamine Hydrochloride; Bupivacaine Hydrochloride; Butamben; Butamben Picrate; Chloroprocaine Hydrochloride; Cocaine; Cocaine Hydrochloride; Cyclopropane; Desflurane; Dexivacaine; Diamocaine Cyclamate; Dibucaine; Dibucaine Hydrochloride; Dyclonine Hydrochloride; Enflurane; Ether; Ethyl Chloride; Etidocaine; Etoxadrol Hydrochloride; Euprocin Hydrochloride; Fluroxene; Halothane; Isobutamben; Isoflurane; Ketamine Hydrochloride; Levoxadrol Hydrochloride; Lidocaine; Lidocaine Hydrochloride; Mepivacaine Hydrochloride; Methohexital Sodium; Methoxyflurane; Midazolam Hydrochloride; Midazolam Maleate; Minaxolone; Norflurane; Octodrine; Oxethazaine; Phencyclidine Hydrochloride; Pramoxine Hydrochloride; Prilocaine Hydrochloride; Procaine Hydrochloride; Propanidid; Proparacaine Hydrochloride; Propofol; Propoxycaine Hydrochloride; Pyrrocaine; Risocaine; Rodocaine; Roflurane; Salicyl Alcohol; Sevoflurane; Teflurane; Tetracaine; Tetracaine Hydrochloride; Thiamylal; Thiamylal Sodium; Thiopental Sodium; Tiletamine Hydrochloride; and Zolamine Hydrochloride.

Anorectic compound: Dexfenfluramine.

Anorexic agents: Aminorex; Amphecloral; Chlorphentermine Hydrochloride; Clominorex; Clortermine Hydrochloride; Diethylpropion Hydrochloride; Fenfluramine Hydrochloride; Fenisorex; Fludorex; Fluminorex; Levamfetamine Succinate; Mazindol; Mefenorex Hydrochloride; Phemnetrazine Hydrochloride; Phentermine; and Sibutramine Hydrochloride.

Antagonist: Atipamezole; Atosiban; Boscntan; Cimetidinc; Cimetidine Hydrochloride; Clentiazem Maleate; Detirelix Acetate; Devazepide; Donetidine; Etintidine Hydrochloride; Famotidine; Fenmetozole Hydrochloride; Flumazenil; Icatibant Acetate; Icotidine; Isradipine; Metiamide; Nadide; Nalmefene; Naloxone Hydrochloride; Naltrexone; Nilvadipine; Oxilorphan; Oxmetidine Hydrochloride; Oxmetidine Mesylate; Quadazocine Mesylate; Ranitidine; Ranitidine Bismuth Citrate; Ranitidine Hydrochloride; Sufotidine; Teludipine Hydrochloride; Tiapamil Hydrochloride; Tiotidine; Vapiprost Hydrochloride; and Zaltidine Hydrochloride.

Anterior pituitary activator: Epimcstrol.

Anterior pituitary suppressant: Danazol.

Anthelmintic: Albendazole; Anthelmycin; Bromoxanide; Bunamidine Hydrochloride; Butonate; Cambendazole; Carbantel Lauryl Sulfate; Clioxanide; Closantel; Cyclobendazole; Dichlorvos; Diethylcarbamazine Citrate; Dribendazole; Dymanthine Hydrochloride; Etibendazole; Fenbendazole; Furodazole; Hexylresorcinol; Mebendazole; Morantel Tartrate; Niclosamide; Nitramisole Hydrochloride; Nitrodan; Oxantel Pamoate; Oxfendazole; Oxibendazole; Parbendazole; Piperamide Maleate; Piperazine; Piperazine Citrate; Piperazine Edetate Calcium; Proclonol; Pyrantel Pamoatc; Pyrantel Tartrate; Pyrvinium Pamoate; Rafoxanide; Stilbazium Iodide; Tetrami sole Hydrochloride; Thiabendazole; Ticarbodine; Tioxidazole; Triclofenol Piperazine; Vincofos; and Zilantel.

Anti-acne: Adapalene; Erythromycin, Salnacedin; and Inocoterone Acetate.

Anti-adrenergic: Acebutolol; Alprenolol Hydrochloride; Atenolol; Bretylium Tosylate; Bunolol Hydrochloride; Carteolol Hydrochloride; Celiprolol Hydrochloride; Cetamolol Hydrochloride; Cicloprolol Hydrochloride; Dexpropranolol Hydrochloride; Diacetolol Hydrochloride; Dihydroergotamine Mesylate; Dilevalol Hydrochloride; Esmolol Hydrochloride; Exaprolol Hydrochloride; Fenspiride Hydrochloride; Flestolol Sulfate; Labetalol Hydrochloride; Levobetaxolol Hydrochloride; Levobunolol Hydrochloride; Metalol Hydrochloride; Metoprolol; Metoprolol Tartrate; Nadolol; Pamatolol Sulfate; Penbutolol Sulfate; Phentolamine Mesylate; Practolol; Propranolol Hydrochloride; Proroxan Hydrochloride; Solypertine Tartrate; Sotalol Hydrochloride; Timolol; Timolol Maleate; Tiprenolol Hydrochloride; Tolamolol; and Zolcrtine Hydrochloride.

Anti-allergic: Amlexanox; Astemizole; Azelastine Hydrochloride; Eclazolast; Minocromil Nedocromil Nedocromil Calcium; Nedocromil Sodium; Nivimedone Sodium; Pemirolast Potassium Pentigetide; Pirquinozol; Poisonoak Extract; Probicromil Calcium; Proxicromil; Repirinast; Tetrazolast Meglumine; Thiazinamium Chloride; Tiacrilast; Tiacrilast Sodium; Tiprinast Meglumine; and Tixanox.

Anti-amebic: Berythromycin; Bialamicol Hydrochloride; Chloroquine; Chloroquine Hydrochloride; Chloroquine Phosphate; Clamoxyquin Hydrochloride; Clioquinol; Emetine Hydrochloride; Iodoquinol; Paromomycin Sulfate; Quinfamide; Symetine Hydrochloride; Teclozan; Tetracycline; and Tetracycline Hydrochloride.

Anti-androgen: Benorterone; Cioteronel; Cyproterone Acetate; Delmadinone Acetate; Oxendolone; Topterone; and Zanoterone.

Anti-anemic: Epoetin Alfa; Epoetin Beta; Ferrous Sulfate, Dried; and Leucovorin Calcium.

Anti-anginal: Amlodipine Besylate; Amlodipine Maleate; Betaxolol Hydrochloride; Bevantolol Hydrochloride; Butoprozine Hydrochloride; Carvedilol; Cinepazet Maleate; Metoprolol Succinate; Molsidomine; Monatcpil Maleate; Primidolol; Ranolazinc Hydrochloride; Tosifen; and Verapamil Hydrochloride.

Anti-anxiety agent: Adatanserin Hydrochloride; Alpidem; Binospirone Mesylate; Bretazenil; Glemanserin; Ipsapirone Hydrochloride; Mirisetron Maleate; Ocinaplon; Ondansetron Hydrochloride; Panadiplon; Pancopride; Pazinaclone; Serazapine Hydrochloride; Tandospirone Citrate; and Zalospirone Hydrochloride.

Anti-arthritic: Lodelaben.

Anti-asthmatic: Ablukast; Ablukast Sodium; Bunaprolast; Cinalukast; Cromitrile Sodium; Cromolyn Sodium; Enofelast; Isamoxole; Ketotifen Fumarate; Levcromakalim; Lodoxamide Ethyl; Lodoxamide Tromethamine; Montelukast Sodium; Ontazolast; Oxarbazole; Oxatomide; Piriprost; Piriprost Potassium; Pirolate; Pobilukast Edamine; Quazolast; Ritolukast; Sulukast; Tiaramide Hydrochloride; Tibenelast Sodium; Tomelukast; Tranilast; Verlukast; and Verofylline Zarirlukast.

Anti-atherosclerotic: Mifobate; and Timefuronc.

Antibacterial: Acedapsone; Acetosulfone Sodium; Alamecin; Alexidine; Amdinocillin; Amdinocillin Pivoxil; Amicycline; Amifioxacin; Amifloxacin Mesylate; Amikacin; Amikacin Sulfate; Aminosalicylate sodium; Aminosalicylic acid; Amoxicillin; Amphomycin; Ampicillin; Ampicillin Sodium; Apalcillin Sodium; Apramycin; Aspartocin; Astromicin Sulfate; A vilamycin; A voparcin; Azithromycin; Azlocillin; Azlocillin Sodium; Bacampicillin Hydrochloride; Bacitracin; Bacitracin Methylene Disalicylate; Bacitracin Zinc; Bambermycins; Benzoylpas Calcium; Betamicin Sulfate; Biapenem; Biniramycin; Bispyrithione Magsulfex; Butikacin; Butirosin Sulfate; Capreomycin Sulfate; Carbadox; Carbenicillin Disodium; Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Phenyl Sodium; Carbenicillin Potassium; Carumonam Sodium; Cefaclor; Cefadroxil; Cefamandole; Cefamandole Nafate; Cefamandole Sodium; Cefaparole; Cefatrizine; Cefazaflur Sodium; Cefazolin; Cefazolin Sodium; Cefbuperazone; Cefdinir; Cefepime; Cefepime Hydrochloride; Cefetecol; Cefixime; Cefmenoxime Hydrochloride; Cefmetazole; Cefmetazole Sodium; Cefonicid Monosodium; Cefonicid Sodium; Cefoperazone Sodium; Ceforanide; Cefotaxime Sodium; Cefotetan; Cefotetan Disodium; Cefotiam Hydrochloride; Cefoxitin; Cefoxitin Sodium; Cefpimizole; Cefpimizole Sodium; Cefpiramide; Cefpiramide Sodium; Cefpirome Sulfate; Cefpodoxime Proxetil; Cefprozil; Cefroxadine; Cefsulodin Sodium; Ceftazidime; Ceftibuten; Ceftiroxime Pivoxetil; Ceftizoxime Sodium; Ceftriaxone Sodium; Cefuroxime; Cefuroxime Axetil; Cefuroxime Sodium; Cephacetrile Sodium; Cephalexin; Cephalexin Hydrochloride; Cephaloglycin; Cephaloridine; Cephalothin Sodium; Cephapirin Sodium; Cephradine; Cetocycline Hydrochloride; Cetophenicol; Chloramphenicol; Chloramphenicol Palmitate; Chloramphenicol Pantothenate Complex; Chloramphenicol Sodium Succinate; Chlorhexidine Phosphanilate; Chloroxylenol; Chlortetracycline Bisulfate; Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride; Cinoxacin; Ciprofloxacin; Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride; Cirolemycin; Clarithromycin; Clinafloxacin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin; Clindamycin Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Palmitate Hydrochloride; Clindamycin Phosphate; Clofazimine; Cloxacillin Benzathine; Cloxacillin Sodium; Cloxyquin; Colistimethate Sodium; Colistin Sulfate; Coumermycin; Coumermycin Sodium; Cyclacillin; Cycloserine; Dalfopristin; Dapsone; Daptomycin; Demeclocycline; Demeclocycline Hydrochloride; Demecycline; Denofungin; Diaveridine; Dicloxacillin; Dicloxacillin Sodium; Dihydrostreptomycin Sulfate; Dipyrithione; Dirithromycin; Doxycycline; Doxycycline Calcium; Doxycycline Fosfatex; Doxycycline Hyclate; Droxacin Sodium; Enoxacin; Epicillin; Epitetracycline Hydrochloride; Erythromycin; Erythromycin Acistrate; Erythromycin Estolate; Erythromycin Ethylsuccinate; Erythromycin Gluceptate; Erythromycin Lactobionate; Erythromycin Propionate; Erythromycin Stearate; Ethambutol Hydrochloride; Ethionamide; Fleroxacin; Floxacillin; Fludalanine; Flumequine; F osfomycin; F osfomycin Tromethamine; Fumoxicillin; Furazolium Chloride; Furazolium Tartrate; Fusidate Sodium; Fusidic Acid; Gentamicin Sulfate; Gloximonam; Gramicidin; Haloprogin; Hetacillin; Hetacillin Potassium; Hexedine; Ibafloxacin; Imipenem; Isepamicin; Isoconazole; Isoniazid; Josamycin; Kanamycin Sulfate; Kitasamycin; Levofuraltadone; Levopropylcillin Potassium; Lexithromycin; Lincomycin; Lincomycin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin; Lomefloxacin Hydrochloride; Lomefloxacin Mesylate; Loracarbef; Mafenide; Meclocycline; Meclocycline Sulfosalicylate; Megalomicin Potassium Phosphate; Mequidox; Meropenem; Methacycline; Methacycline Hydrochloride; Methenamine; Methenamine Hippurate; Methenamine Mandelate; Methicillin Sodium; Metioprim; Metronidazole Hydrochloride; Metronidazole Phosphate; Mezlocillin; Mezlocillin Sodium; Minocycline; Minocycline Hydrochloride; Mirincamycin Hydrochloride; Monensin; Monensin Sodium; Nafcillin Sodium; Nalidixate Sodium; Nalidixic Acid; Natamycin; Nebramycin; Neomycin Palmitate; Neomycin Sulfate; Neomycin Undecylenate; Netilmicin Sulfate; Neutramycin; Nifarthiazole; Nifuradene; Nifuraldezone; Nifuratel; Nifuratrone; Nifurdazil; Nifurimide; Nifurpirinol; Nifurquinazol; Nitrocycline; Nitrofurantoin; Nitromide; Norfloxacin; Novobiocin Sodium; Ofloxacin; Onnetoprim; Oxacillin Sodium; Oximonam; Oximonam Sodium; Oxolinic Acid; Oxytetracycline; Oxytetracycline Calcium; Oxytetracycline Hydrochloride; Paldimycin; Parachlorophenol; Paulomycin; Pefloxacin; Pefloxacin Mesylate; Penamecillin; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Potassium; Penicillin G Procaine; Penicillin G Sodium; Penicillin V; Penicillin V Benzathine; Penicillin V Hydrabamine; Penicillin V Potassium; Pentizidone Sodium; Phenyl Aminosalicylate; Piperacillin Sodium; Pirbenicillin Sodium; Piridicillin Sodium; Pirlimycin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Hydrochloride; Pivampicillin Pamoate; Pivampicillin Probenate; Polymyxin B Sulfate; Porfiromycin; Propikacin; Pyrazinamide; Pyrithione Zinc; Quindecamine Acetate; Quinupristin; Racephenicol; Ramoplanin; Ranimycin; Relomycin; Repromicin; Rifabutin; Rifametane; Rifamexil; Rifamide; Rifampin; Rifapentine; Rifaximin; Rolitetracycline; Rolitetracycline Nitrate; Rosaramicin; Rosaramicin Butyrate; Rosaramicin Propionate; Rosaramicin Sodium Phosphate; Rosaramicin Stearate; Rosoxacin; Roxarsone; Roxithromycin; Sancycline; Sanfetrinem Sodium; Sarmoxicillin; Sarpicillin; Scopafungin; Sisomicin; Sisomicin Sulfate; Sparfloxacin; Spectinomycin Hydrochloride; Spiramycin; Stallimycin Hydrochloride; Stcffimycin; Streptomycin Sulfate; Streptonicozid; Sulfabcnz; Sulfabenzamide; Sulfacetamide; Sulfacetamide Sodium; Sulfacytine; Sulfadiazine; Sulfadiazine Sodium; Sulfadoxine; Sulfalene; Sulfamerazine; Sulfameter; Sulfamethazine; Sulfamethizole; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfamonomethoxine; Sulfamoxole; Sulfanilate Zinc; Sulfanitran; Sulfasalazine; Sulfasomizole; Sulfathiazole; Sulfazamet; Sulfisoxazole; Sulfisoxazole Acetyl; Sulfisoxazole Diolamine; Sulfomyxin; Sulopenem; Sultamicillin; Suncillin Sodium; Talampicillin Hydrochloride; Teicoplanin; Temafloxacin Hydrochloride; Temocillin; Tetracycline Phosphate Complex; Tetroxoprim; Thiamphenicol; Thiphencillin Potassium; Ticarcillin Cresyl Sodium; Ticarcillin Disodium; Ticarcillin Monosodium; Ticlatone; Tiodonium Chloride; Tobramycin; Tobramycin Sulfate; Tosufloxacin; Trimethoprim; Trimethoprim Sulfate; Trisulfapyrimidines; Troleandomycin; Trospectomycin Sulfate; Tyrothricin; Vancomycin; Vancomycin Hydrochloride; Virginiamycin; and Zorbamycin.

Anti-cancer supplementary potentiating agents: Amitryptyline; Amoxapine; Amphotericin B; Antiarrhythmic drugs (e.g., Quinidine); Antihypertensive drugs (e.g., Reserpine); Ca++ antagonists (e.g., Verapamil; Calmodulin inhibitors (e.g., Prenylamine; Caroverine); Citalopram); Clomipramine; Clomipramine); Desipramine; Doxepin; Maprotiline); Nifedipine; Nitrendipine; Non-tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., Sertraline; Nortriptyline; Protriptyline; Sulfoximine) and Multiple Drug Resistance reducing agents such as Cremaphor EL; Thiol depleters (e.g., Buthionine; Trazodone; Tricyclic anti-depressant drugs (e.g., Imipramine; Trifluoroperazine; Trimipramine; and Triparanol analogues (e.g., Tamoxifen).

Anticholelithic: Monoctanoin.

Anticholelithogenic: Chenodiol; Ursodiol.

Anticholinergic: Alverinc Citrate; Anisotropine Methylbromide; Atropine; Atropine Oxide Hydrochloride; Atropine Sulfate; Belladonna; Benapryzine Hydrochloride; Benzetimide Hydrochloride; Benzilonium Bromide; Biperiden; Biperiden Hydrochloride; Biperiden Lactate; Clidinium Bromide; Cyclopentolate Hydrochloride; Dexetimide; Dicyclomine Hydrochloride; Dihexyverine Hydrochloride; Domazoline Fumarate; Elantrine; Elucainc; Ethybcnztropinc; Eucatropinc Hydrochloride; Glycopyrrolate; Hctcronium Bromide; Homatropine Hydrobromide; Homatropine Methylbromide; Hyoscyamine; Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide; Hyoscyamine Sulfate; Isopropamide Iodide; Mepenzolate Bromide; Methylatropine Nitrate; Metoquizine; Oxybutynin Chloride; Parapenzolate Bromide; Pentapiperium Methylsulfate; Phencarbamide; Poldine Methylsulfate; Proglumide; Propantheline Bromide; Propenzolate Hydrochloride; Scopolamine Hydrobromide; Tematropium Methylsulfate; Tiquinamide Hydrochloride; Tofenacin Hydrochloride; Toquizine; Triampyzine Sulfate; Trihexyphenidyl Hydrochloride; and Tropicamide.

Anticoagulant: Ancrod; Ardeparin Sodium; Bivalirudin; Bromindione; Dalteparin Sodium Desirudin; Dicumarol; Lyapolate Sodium; Nafamostat Mesylate; Phenprocoumon; Tinzaparin Sodium; and Warfarin Sodium.

Anticoccidal: Maduramicin.

Anticonvulsant: Albutoin; Ameltolide; Atolide; Buramate; Cinromide; Citenamide; Clonazepam; Cyheptamide; Dezinamide; Dimethadione; Divalproex Sodium; Eterobarb; Ethosuximide; Ethotoin; Flurazepam Hydrochloride; Fluzinamide; Fosphenytoin Sodium; Gabapentin; Ilepcimide; Lamotrigine; Magnesium Sulfate; Mephenytoin; Mephobarbital; Methetoin; Methsuximide; Milacemide Hydrochloride; Nabazenil; Nafimidone Hydrochloride; Nitrazepam; Phenacemide; Phenobarbital; Phenobarbital Sodium; Phensuximide; Phenytoin; Phenytoin Sodium; Primidone; Progabide; Ralitoline; Remacemide Hydrochloride; Ropizine; Sabeluzole; Stiripentol; Sulthiame; Topiramate; Trimethadione; Valproate Sodium; Valproic Acid; Vigabatrin; Zoniclezole Hydrochloride; and Zonisamide.

Antidepressant: Adinazolam; Adinazolam Mesylate; Alaproclate; Aletamine Hydrochloride; Amedalin Hydrochloride; Amitriptyline Hydrochloride; Aptazapine Maleate; Azaloxan Fumarate; Azepindole; Azipramine Hydrochloride; Bipenamol Hydrochloride; Bupropion Hydrochloride; Butriptyline Hydrochloride; Caroxazone; Cartazolate; Ciclazindol; Cidoxepin Hydrochloride; Cilobamine Mesylate; Clodazon Hydrochloride; Clomipramine Hydrochloride; Cotinine Fumarate; Cyclindole; Cypenamine Hydrochloride; Cyprolidol Hydrochloride; Cyproximide; Daledalin Tosylate; Dapoxetine Hydrochloride; Dazadrol Maleate; Dazepinil Hydrochloride; Desipramine Hydrochloride; Dexamisole; Deximafen; Dibenzepin Hydrochloride; Dioxadrol Hydrochloride; Dothiepin Hydrochloride; Doxepin Hydrochloride; Duloxetine Hydrochloride; Eclanamine Maleate; Encyprate; Etoperidone Hydrochloride; Fantridone Hydrochloride; Fenmetramide; Fezolamine Fumarate; Fluotracen Hydrochloride; Fluoxetine; Fluoxetine Hydrochloride; Fluparoxan Hydrochloride; Gamfexine; Guanoxyfen Sulfate; Imafen Hydrochloride; Imiloxan Hydrochloride; Imipramine Hydrochloride; Indeloxazine Hydrochloride; Intriptyline Hydrochloride; Iprindolc; Isocarboxazid; Ketipraminc Fumarate; Lofepramine Hydrochloride; Lortalaminc; Maprotiline; Maprotiline Hydrochloride; Melitracen Hydrochloride; Minaprine Hydrochloride; Mirtazapine; Moclobemide; Modaline Sulfate; Napactadine Hydrochloride; Napamezole Hydrochloride; Nefazodone Hydrochloride; Nisoxetine; Nitrafudam Hydrochloride; Nomifensine Maleate; Nortriptyline Hydrochloride; Octriptyline Phosphate; Opipramol Hydrochloride; Oxaprotiline Hydrochloride; Oxypertine; Paroxetine; Phenelzine Sulfate; Pirandamine Hydrochloride; Pride fine Hydrochloride; Prolintane Hydrochloride; Protriptyline Hydrochloride; Quipazine Maleate; Rolicyprine; Seproxetine Hydrochloride; Sertraline Hydrochloride; Sulpiride; Suritozole; Tametraline Hydrochloride; Tampramine Fumarate; Tandamine Hydrochloride; Thiazesim Hydrochloride; Thozalinone; Tomoxetine Hydrochloride; Trazodone Hydrochloride; Trebenzomine Hydrochloride; Trimipramine Maleate; Venlafaxine Hydrochloride; Viloxazine Hydrochloride; Zimeldine Hydrochloride; and Zometapine.

Antidiabetic: Acetohexamide; Buformin; Butoxamine Hydrochloride; Camighbose; Chlorpropamide; Ciglitazone; Englitazone Sodium; Etoformin Hydrochloride; Gliamilide; Glibornuride; Glicetanile Sodium; Gliflumide; Glipizide; Glucagon; Glyburide; Glyhexamide; Glymidine Sodium; Glyoctamide; Glyparamide; Insulin; Insulin Human; Insulin Human Zinc; Insulin Human Zinc, Extended; Insulin Human, Isophane; Insulin Lispro; Insulin Zinc; Insulin Zinc, Extended; Insulin Zinc, Prompt; Insulin, Dalanated; Insulin, Isophane; Insulin, Neutral; Linogliride; Linogliride Fumarate; Metformin; Methyl Palmoxirate; Palmoxirate Sodium; Pioglitazone Hydrochloride; Pirogliride Tartrate; Proinsulin Human; Seglitide Acetate; Tolazamidc; Tolbutamide; Tolpyrramide; Troglitazone; and Zopolrestat.

Antidiarrheal: Diphenoxylate Hydrochloride; Methylprednisolone; Metronidazole; and Rolgamidine.

Antidiuretic: Argipressin Tannate; Desmopressin Acetate; and Lypressin.

Antidote: Dimercaprol; Edrophonium Chloride; Fomepizole; Levoleucovorin Calcium; Methylene Blue; and Protamine Sulfate.

Antidyskinetic: Selegiline Hydrochloride.

Anti-emetic: Alosetron Hydrochloride; Batanopride Hydrochloride; Bemesetron; Benzquinamide; Chlorpromazine; Chlorpromazine Hydrochloride; Clehopride; Cycli zinc Hydrochloride; Dimenhydrinate; Diphenidol; Diphenidol Hydrochloride; Diphenidol Pamoate; Dolasetron Mesylate; Domperidone; Dronabinol; Flumeridone; Galdansetron Hydrochloride; Granisetron; Granisetron Hydrochloride; Lurosetron Mesylate; Meclizine Hydrochloride; Metoclopramide Hydrochloride; Metopimazine; Prochlorperazine; Prochlorperazine Edisylate; Prochlorperazine Maleate; Promethazine Hydrochloride; Thiethylperazine; Thiethylperazine Malate; Thiethylperazine Maleate; Trimethobenzamide Hydrochloride; and Zacopride Hydrochloride.

Anti-epileptic: Felbamate; Iamotrigine; Loreclezole; and Tolgabide.

Anti-estrogen: Clometherone; Nafoxidine Hydrochloride; Nitromifene Citrate; Raloxifene Hydrochloride; Tamoxifen Citrate; Toremifene Citrate; and Trioxifene Mesylate.

Antifibrinolytic: Nafamostat Mesylate.

Antifungal: Acrisorcin; Ambruticin; Azaconazole; Azaserine; Basifungin; Bifonazole; Butoconazole Nitrate; Calcium Undecylenate; Candicidin; Carhol-Fuchsin; Chlordantoin; Ciclopirox; Ciclopirox Olamine; Cilofungin; Cisconazole; Clotrimazole; Cuprimyxin; Doconazole; Econazole; Econazole Nitrate; Enilconazole; Ethonam Nitrate; Fenticonazole Nitrate; Filipin; Fluconazole; Flucytosine; Fungimycin; Griseofulvin; Hamycin; Itraconazole; Kalafungin; Ketoconazole; Lomoftmgin; Lydimycin; Mepartricin; Miconazole; Miconazole Nitrate; Monensin; Monensin Sodium; Naftifine Hydrochloride; Nifuratel Nifurmerone; Nitralamine Hydrochloride; Nystatin; Octanoic Acid; Orconazole Nitrate; Oxiconazole Nitrate; Oxifungin Hydrochloride; Parconazole Hydrochloride; Partricin; Potassium Iodide; Pyrrolnitrin; Rutamycin; Sanguinarium Chloride; Saperconazole; Selenium Sulfide; Sinefungin; Sulconazole Nitrate; Terbinafine; Terconazole; Thiram; Tioconazole; Tolciclate; Tolindate; Tolnaftate; Triacetin; Triafungin; Undecylenic Acid; Viridofulvin; Zinc Undecylenate; and Zinoconazole Hydrochloride.

Antiglaucoma agent: Alprenoxime Hydrochloride; Colforsin; Dipivefrin Hydrochloride; Naboctate Hydrochloride; Pilocarpine; and Pirnabine.

Antihemorrhagic: Poliglusam.

Antihemorrhcologic: Phentoxifyllinc.

Antihistaminic: Acrivastine; Antazoline Phosphate; Azatadine Maleate; Barmastine; Bromodiphenhydramine Hydrochloride; Brompheniramine Maleate; Carbinoxamine Maleate; Cetirizine Hydrochloride; Chlorpheniramine Maleate; Chlorpheniramine Polistirex; Cirmarizine; Clemastine; Clemastine Fumarate; Closiramine Aceturate; Cycliramine Maleate; Cyclizine; Cyproheptadine Hydrochloride; Dexbrompheniramine Maleate; Dexchlorpheniramine Maleate; Dimethindene Maleate; Diphenhydramine Citrate; Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride; Dorastine Hydrochloride; Doxylamine Succinate; Ebastine; Fexofenadine HCl; Levocabastine Hydrochloride; Loratadine; Mianserin Hydrochloride; Noberastine; Orphenadrine Citrate; Pyrabrom; Pyrilamine Maleate; Pyroxamine Maleate; Rocastine Hydrochloride; Rotoxamine; Tazifylline Hydrochloride; Temelastine; Terfenadine; Tripelennamine Citrate; Tripelennamine Hydrochloride; and Triprolidine Hydrochloride.

Antihyperlipidemic: Cholestyramine Resin; Clofibrate; Colestipol Hydrochloride; Crilvastatin; Dalvastatin; Dextrothyroxine Sodium; Fluvastatin Sodium; Gemfibrozil; Lecimibide; Lovastatin; Niacin; Pravastatin Sodium; Probucol; Simvastatin; Tiqueside; and Xenbucin.

Antihyperlipoproteinemic: Acifran; Beloxamide; Bezafibrate; Boxidine; Cetaben Sodium; Ciprofibrate; Gemcadiol; Halofenate; Lifibrate; Meglutol; Nafenopin; Pimetine Hydrochloride; Theofibrate; Tibric Acid; and Treloxinate.

Antihypertensive: Alfuzosin Hydrochloride; Alipamide; Althiazide; Amiquinsin Hydrochloride; Anaritide Acetate; Atiprosin Malcate; Belfosdil; Bemitradine; Bendacalol Mesylate; Bendroflumethiazide; Benzthiazide; Bethanidine Sulfate; Biclodil Hydrochloride; Bisoprolol; Bisoprolol Fumarate; Bucindolol Hydrochloride; Bupicomide; Buthiazide; Candoxat rilat; Candoxatril; Captopril; Ceronapril; Chlorothiazide Sodium; Cicletanine; Cilazapril; Clonidine; Clonidine Hydrochloride; Clopamide; Cyclopenthiazide; Cyclothiazide; Darodipine; Debrisoquin Sulfate; Delapril Hydrochloride; Diapamide; Diazoxide; Diltiazem Hydrochloride; Diltiazem Malate; Ditekiren; Doxazosin Mesylate; Ecadotril; Enalapril Maleate; Enalaprilat; Enalkiren; Endralazine Mesylate; Epithiazide; Eprosartan; Eprosartan Mesylate; Fenoldopam Mesylate; Flavodilol Malcate; Flordipine; Flosequinan; Fosinopril Sodium; Fosinoprilat; Guanabenz; Guanabenz Acetate; Guanacline Sulfate; Guanadrel Sulfate; Guancvdine; Guanethidine Monosulfate; Guanethidine Sulfate; Guanfacine Hydrochloride; Guanisoquin Sulfate; Guanoclor Sulfate; Guanoctine Hydrochloride; Guanoxabenz; Guanoxan Sulfate; Guanoxvfen Sulfate; Hydralazine Hydrochloride; Hydralazine Polistirex; Hydroflumethiazide; Indacrinone Indapamide; Indolapril Hydrochloride; Indoramin; Indoramin Hydrochloride; Indorenate Hydrochloride; Lacidipine; Leniquinsin; Lisinopril; Lofexidine Hydrochloride; Losartan Potassium; Losulazine Hydrochloride; Mebutamate; Mecamylamine Hydrochloride; Medroxalol; Medroxalol Hydrochloride; Methalthiazide Methyclothiazide Methyldopa; Methyldopate Hydrochloride; Metipranolol; Metolazone Metoprolol Fumarate; Metyrosine; Minoxidil; Muzolimine; Nebivolol; Nifidipine; Ofornine; Pargyline Hydrochloride; Pazoxide; Pelanserin Hydrochloride; Perindopril Erbumine; Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride; Pinacidil; Pivopril; Polythiazide; Prazosin Hydrochloride; Prizidilol Hydrochloride; Quinapril Hydrochloride; Quinaprilat; Quinazosin Hydrochloride; Quinelorane Hydrochloride; Quinpirole Hydrochloride; Quinuclium Bromide; Ramipril; Rauwolfia Serpentina; Reserpine; Saprisartan Potassium; Saralasin Acetate; Sodium Nitroprusside; Sulfinalol Hydrochloride; Tasosartan; Temocapril Hydrochloride; Terazosin Hydrochloride; Terlakiren; Tiamenidine; Tiamenidine Hydrochloride; Ticrynafen; Tinabinol; Tiodazosin; Tipentosin Hydrochloride; Trichlormethiazide; Trimazosin Hydrochloride; Trimethaphan Camsylate; Trimoxamine Hydrochloride; Tripamide; Xipamide; Zankiren Hydrochloride; and Zofenoprilat Arginine.

Antihypotensive: Ciclafrinc Hydrochloride; and Midodrine Hydrochloride.

Anti-infective: Acyclovir; Difloxacin Hydrochloride; Tntegrase Inhibitors of HIV and other retroviruses; Lauryl Isoquinolinium Bromide; Moxalactam Disodium; Ornidazole; Pentisomicin; Protease inhibitors of HIV and other retroviruses; and Sarafloxacin Hydrochloride.

Anti-infective (topical): Alcohol; Aminacrine Hydrochloride; Benzethonium Chloride; Bithionolate Sodium; Bromchlorenone; Carbamide Peroxide; Cetalkonium Chloride; Cetylpyridinium Chloride; Chlorhexidine Hydrochloride; Domiphen Bromide; Fenticlor; Fludazonium Chloride; Fuchsin, Basic; Furazolidone; Gentian Violet; Halquinols; Hexachlorophene; Hydrogen Peroxide; Ichthammol; Imidecyl Iodine; Iodine; Isopropyl Alcohol; Mafenide Acetate; Meralein Sodium; Mercufenol Chloride; Mercury, Ammoniated; Methylbenzethonium Chloride; Nitrofarazone; Nitromersol; Octenidine Hydrochloride; Oxychlorosene; Oxychlorosene Sodium; Parachlorophenol, Camphorated; Potassium Permanganate; Povidone-Iodine; Sepazonium Chloride; Silver Nitrate; Sulfadiazine, Silver; Symclosene; Thimerfonate Sodium; Thimerosal; and Troclosene Potassium.

Anti-inflammatory: Alclofenac; Alclometasone Dipropionate; Algestone Acetonide; Alpha Amylase; Amcinafal; Amcinafide; Amfenac Sodium; Amiprilose Hydrochloride; Anakinra; Anitrazafen; Apazone; Balsalazide Disodium; Bendazac; Bromelains; Broperamole; Budesonide; Carprofen; Cicloprofen; Cintazone; Cliprofen; Clobetasol Propionate; Clobetasone Butyrate; Clopirac; Cloticasone Propionate; Cormethasone Acetate; Cortodoxone; Deflazacort; Desonide; Desoximetasone; Dexamethasone Dipropionate; Diclofenac Potassium; Diclofenac Sodium; Diflorasone Diacetate; Diflumidonc Sodium; Difluprednate; Diftalone; Dimethyl Sulfoxide; Drocinonide; Endrysone; Enlimomab; Enolicam Sodium; Etodolac; Felbinac; Fenamole; Fenbufen; Fenclofenac; Fenclorac; Fendosal; Fenpipalone; Fentiazac; Flazalone; Fluazacort; Flufenamic Acid; Flumizole; Flunisolide Acetate; Fluocortin Butyl; Fluorometholone Acetate; Fluquazone; Fluretofen; Fluticasone Propionate; Furaprofen; Furobufen; Halcinonide; Halobetasol Propionate; Halopredone Acetate; Ibuprofen; Ibuprofen Aluminum; Ibuprofen Piconol; Ilonidap; Indomethacin Sodium; Indomethacin; Indoprofen Indoxole; Intrazole; Isoflupredone Acetate; Isoxepac; Isoxicam; Ketoprofen; Lomoxicam; Loteprcdnol Etabonate; Meclofenamatc Sodium; Meclofenamic Acid; Meclori sone Dibutyrate; Mesalamine; Meseclazone; Methylprednisolone Suleptanate; Morniflumate; Nabumetone; Nimazone; Olsalazine Sodium; Orgotein; Orpanoxin; Oxaprozin; Oxyphenbutazone; Paranyline Hydrochloride; Pentosan Polysulfate Sodium; Phenbutazone Sodium Glycerate; Piroxicam; Piroxicam Cinnamate; Pirprofen; Prednazate; Prednisolone Sodium Phosphate; Prifelone; Prodolic Acid; Proquazone; Rimexolone; Romazarit; Salnacedin; Seclazone; Sermetacin; Sudoxicam; Sulindac; Suprofen; Talniflumate; Tenidap; Tenidap Sodium; Tenoxicam; Tesicam; Tesimide; Tixocortol Pivalate; Tolmetin; Tolmetin Sodium; Triclonide; Triflumidate; and Zidometacin.

Antikeratinizing agent: Doretinel; Linarotene; and Pelretin.

Antimalarial: Amodiaquine Hydrochloride; Amquinate; Artefiene; Chloroquine; Chloroquine Hydrochloride; Cycloguanil Pamoate; Enpiroline Phosphate; Halofantrine Hydrochloride; Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate; Mefloquine Hydrochloride; Menoctone; Primaquine Phosphate; Pyrimethamine; Quinine Sulfate; and Tebuquine.

Antimicrobial: Aztreonam; Chlorhexidine Gluconate; Imidurea; Lycetamine; Nibroxane; Pirazmonam Sodium; Propionic Acid; Pyrithione Sodium; and Tigemonam Dicholine.

Antimigraine: Naratriptan Hydrochloride; Sergolexole Maleate; Sumatriptan Succinate; and Zatosetron Maleate.

Antimitotic: Podofilox.

Antimycotic: Amorolfine.

Antinauseant: Buclizine Hydrochloride; and Cyclizine Lactate.

Antineoplastic: Acivicin; Aclarubicin; Acodazole Hydrochloride; Acronine; Adozelesin; Aldesleukin; Altretamine; Ambomycin; Ametantrone Acetate; Amsacrine; Anastrozole; Anthramycin; Asparaginase; Asperlin; Azacitidine; Azetepa; Azotomycin; Batimastat; Benzodepa; Bicalutamide; Bisantrene Hydrochloride; Bisnafide Dimesylate; Bizelesin; Bleomycin Sulfate; Brequinar Sodium; Bropirimine; Busulfan; Cactinomycin; Calusterone; Caracemide; Carbetimer; Carboplatin; Carmustine; Carubicin Hydrochloride; Carzelesin; Cedefingol; Chlorambucil; Cisplatin; Cladribine; Crisnatol Mesylate; Cyclophosphamide; Cytarabine; Dacarbazine; Dactinomycin; Daunorubicin Hydrochloride; Decitabine; Dexorinaplatin; Dezaguanine; Dezaguanine Mesylate; Diaziquone; Docetaxel; Doxorubicin; Doxorubicin Hydrochloride; Droloxifene; Droloxifene Citrate; Dromostanolone Propionate; Duazomycin; Edatrexate; Eflornithine Hydrochloride; Elsamitrucin; Enloplatin; Enpromate; Epipropidine; Epirubicin Hydrochloride; Erbulozole; Esorubicin Hydrochloride; Estramustine; Estramustine Phosphate Sodium; Etanidazole; Ethiodized Oil I 131; Etoposide; Etoposide Phosphate; Etoprine; Fadrozole Hydrochloride; Fazarabine; Fenretinide; Floxuridine; Fludarabine Phosphate; Fluorouracil; Flurocitabine; Fosquidone; Fostriecin Sodium; Gemcitabine; Gemcitabine Hydrochloride; Gold Au 198; Hydroxyurea; Idarubicin, Hydrochloride; Ifosfamide; Ilmofosine; Interferon Alfa-2a; Interferon Alfa-2b; Interferon Alfan3; Interferon Alfa-nI; Interferon Beta-I a; Interferon Gamma-I b; Iproplatin; Irinotecan Hydrochloride; Isotretinoin; Lanreotide Acetate; Letrozole; Leuprolide Acetate; Liarozole Hydrochloride; Lometrexol Sodium; Lomustine; Losoxantrone Hydrochloride; Masoprocol; Maytansine; Mechlorethamine Hydrochloride; Megestrol Acetate; Melengestrol Acetate; Melphalan; Menogaril; Mercaptopurine; Methotrexate; Methotrexate Sodium; Metoprine; Meturedepa; Mitindomide; Mitocarcin; Mitocromin; Mitogillin; Mitomalcin; Mitomycin; Mitosper; Mitotane; Mitoxantrone Hydrochloride; Mycophenolic Acid; Nocodazole; Nogalamvcin; Ormaplatin; Oxisuran; Paclitaxel; Pegaspargase; Peliomycin; Pentamustine; Peplomycin Sulfate; Perfosfamide; Pipobroman; Piposulfan; Piroxantrone Hydrochloride; Plicamycin; Plomestane; Porfimer Sodium; Prednimustine; Procarbazine Hydrochloride; Puromycin; Puromycin Hydrochloride; Pyrazofurin; Riboprinc; Rogletimide; Safingol Safingol Hydrochloride; Semustine; Simtrazene; Sparfosate Sodium; Sparsomycin; Spiro germanium Hydrochloride; Spiromustine; Spiroplatin; Streptonigrin; Streptozocin; Strontium Chloride Sr 89; Sulofenur; Talisomycin; Taxane; Taxoid; Tecogalan Sodium; Tegafur; Teloxantrone Hydrochloride; Temoporfin; Tenipo side; Teroxirone; Testolactone; Thiamiprine; Thioguanine; Thiotepa; Tiazofarin; Tirapazamine; Topotecan Hydrochloride; Triciribine Phosphate; Trimetrexate; Trimetrexate Glucuronate; Triptorelin; Tubulozole Hydrochloride; Uracil Mustard; Uredepa; Vapreotide; Verteporfin; Vinblastine Sulfate; Vincristine Sulfate; Vindesine; Vindesine Sulfate; Vinepidinc Sulfate; Vinglycinatc Sulfate; Vinleurosine Sulfate; Vinorelbine Tartrate; Vinrosidine Sulfate; Vinzolidine Sulfate; Vorozole; Zeniplatin; Zinostatin; and Zorubicin Hydrochloride.

Anti-neoplastic compounds (additional): 20-epi-1,25 Dihydroxyvitamin D3; 5-Ethynyluracil; Abiraterone; Acylfulvene; Adecypenol; ALL-TK Antagonists; Ambamustine; Amidox; Amifostine; Aminolevulinic Acid; Amrubicin; Anagrelide; Andrographolide; Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Antagonist D; Antagonist G; Antarelix; Antiandrogen, Prostatic Carcinoma; Anti-Dorsalizing Morphogenetic Protein-I; Antiestrogen; Antineoplaston; Antisense Oligonucleotides; Aphidicolin Glycinate; Apoptosis Gene Modulators; Apoptosis Regulators; Apurinic Acid; Ara-CDP-DL-PTBA; Arginine Deaminase; Asulacrine; Atamestane; Atrimustine; Axinastatin 1; Axinastatin 2; Axinastatin 3; Azasetron; Azatoxin; Azatyrosine; Baccatin III Derivatives; Balanol; BCR/ABL Antagonists; Benzochlorins; Benzoylstaurosporine; Beta Lactam Derivatives; Beta-Alethine; Betaclamycin B; Betulinic Acid; bFGF Inhibitor; Bisantrene; Bisaziridinylspermine; Bisnafide; Bistratene A; Breflate; Budotitane; Buthionine Sulfoximine; Calcipotriol; Calphostin C; Camptothecin Derivatives; Canarypox IL-2; Capecitabine; Carboxamide-Amino-Triazole; Carboxyamidotriazole; CaRest MI; CARN 700, Cartilage Derived Inhibitor; Casein Kinase Inhibitors (1COS); Castanospermine; Cecropin B; Cetrorelix; Chlorins; Chloroquinoxaline Sulfonamide; Cicaprost; Cis-Porphyrin; Clomifene analogues; Collismycin A; Collismycin B; Combretastatin A4; Combretastatin Analogue; Conagenin; Crambescidin 816; Crisnatol; Cryptophycin 8; Cryptophycin A Derivatives; Curacin A; Cyclopentanthraquinones; Cycloplatam; Cypemycin; Cytarabine Ocfosfate; Cytolytic Factor; Cytostatin; Dacliximab; Dehydrodidenmin B; Dexifosfamide; Dexverapamil; Didemnin B; Didox; Diethylnorspennine; Dihydro Azacytidine; Dihydrotaxol, 9-; Dioxamycin; Diphenyl Spiromustine; Docosanol; Dolasetron; Doxifluridine; Duocarmycin SA; Ebselen; Ecomustine; Edelfosine; Edrecolomab; Eflomithine; Elemene; Emitefur; Epirubicin; Estramustine Analogue; Estrogen Agonists; Estrogen Antagonists; Exemestane; Fadrozole; Fiezelastine; Flavopiridol; Fluasterone; Fludarabine; Fluorodaunorunicin Hydrochloride; Forfenimex; Formestane; Fostriecin; Fotemustine; Gadolinium Texaphyrin; Gallium Nitrate; Galocitabine; Ganirelix; Gelatinase Inhibitors; Glutathione Inhibitors; Hepsulfam; Hcregulin; Hexamethylene Bisacetamide; Hypericin; Ibandronic acid; Idarubicin; Idoxifene; Idramantone; Ilomastat; Imidazoacridones; Immunostimulant Peptides; Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I Receptor Inhibitor; Interferon Agonists; Interferons; Interleukins; Iobenguane; Iododoxorubicin; Ipomeanol, 4-; Irinotecan; Iroplact; Irsogladine; Isobengazole; Isohomohalicondrin B; Itasetron; Jasplakinolide; Kahalalide F; Lamellarin-N Triacetate; Lanreotide; Leinamycin; Lentinan Sulfate; Leptolstatin; Leukemia Inhibiting Factor; Leukocyte Alpha Interferon; Leuprolide+Estrogen+Progesterone; Leuprorelin; Levamisole; Liarozole; Linear Polyamine Analogue; Lipophilic Disaccharide Peptide; Lipophilic Platinum Compounds; Li ssoclinamide 7; Lobaplatin; Lombricine; Lometrexol; Lonidamine; Losoxantrone; Lurtotecan; Lutetium Texaphyrin; Lysofylline; Lytic Peptides; Maitansine; Mannostatin A; Marimastat; Maspin; Matrilysin Inhibitors; Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors; Merbarone; Meterelin; Methioninase; Metoclopramide; MIF Inhibitor; Mifepristone; Miltefosine; Mirimostim; Mismatched Double Stranded RNA; Mitoguazone; Mitolactol; Mitomycin analogues; Mitonafide; Mitotoxin Fibroblast Growth Factor-Saporin; Mitoxantrone; Mofarotene; Monoclonal Antibody, Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin; Monophosphoryl Lipid A+Myobacterium Cell Wall Sk; Mopidamol; Multiple Drug Resistance Gene Inhibitor; Multiple Tumor Suppressor I-Based Therapy; Mustard Anticancer Agent; Mycaperoxide B; Mycobacterial Cell Wall Extract; Myriaporone; N-Acetyldinaline; Nafarelin; Nagrestip; Naloxone+Pentazocine; Napavin; Naphterpin; Nartograstim; Nedaplatin; Nemorubicin; Neridronic Acid; Neutral Endopeptidase; Nilutamide; Nisamycin; Nitric Oxide Modulators; Nitroxide Antioxidant; Nitrullyn; N-Substituted Benzamides; 06-Benzylguanine; Okicenone; Oligonucleotides; Onapristone; Ondansetron; Oracin; Oral Cytokine Inducer; Osaterone; Oxaliplatin; Oxaunomycin; Paclitaxel Analogues; Paclitaxel Derivatives; Palauamine; Palmitoylrhizoxin; Pamidronic Acid; Panaxytriol; Panomifene; Parabactin; Pazelliptine; Peldesine; Pentostatin; Pentrozole; Perflubron; Perillyl Alcohol; Phenazinomycin; Phenylacetate; Phosphatase Inhibitors; Picibanil; Pilocarpine Hydrochloride; Pirarubicin; Piritrexim; Placetin A; Placetin B; Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor; Platinum Complex; Platinum Compounds; Platinum-Triamine Complex; Propyl Bis-Acridone; Prostaglandin J2; Protcasome Inhibitors; Protein A-Based Immune Modulator; Protein Kinase C Inhibitor; Protein Kinase C Inhibitors, Microalgal; Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Inhibitors; Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Inhibitors; Purpurins; Pyrazoloacridine; Pyridoxylated Hemoglobin Polyoxyethylene Conjugate; Raf Antagonists; Raltitrexed; Ramosetron; Ras Famesyl Protein Transferase Inhibitors; Ras Inhibitors; Ras-GAP Inhibitor; Retelliptine Demethylated; Rhenium, Re 186 Etidronate; Rhizoxin; Ribozymes; RH Retinamide; Rohitukine; Romurtide; Roquinimex; Rubiginone B 1; Ruboxyl; Safingol; Saintopin; SarCNU; Sarcophytol A; Sdi 1 Mimetics; Senescence Derived Inhibitor 1; Sense Oligonucleotides; Signal Transduction Inhibitors; Signal Transduction Modulators; Single Chain Antigen Binding Protein; Sizofiran; Sohuzoxane; Sodium Borocaptate; Sodium Phenylacetate; Solverol; Somatomedin Binding Protein; Sonermin; Sparfosic Acid; Spicamycin D; Splenopentin; Spongistatin 1; Squalamine; Stem Cell Inhibitor; Stem-Cell Division Inhibitors; Stipiamide; Stromelysin Inhibitors; Sulfinosine; Superactive Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide Antagonist; Suradista; Suramin; Swainsonine; Synthetic Glycosaminoglycans; Tallimustine; Tamoxifen Methiodide; Tauromustine; Tellurapyrylium; Telomerase Inhibitors; Temozolomide; Tetrachlorodecaoxide; Tetrazomine; Thaliblastine; Thalidomide; Thiocoraline; Thrombopoietin; Thrombopoietin Mimetic; Thymalfasin; Thymopoietin Receptor Agonist; Thymotrinan; Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; Tin Ethyl Etiopurpurin; Titanocene Dichloride; Topotecan; Topsentin; Toremifene; Totipotent Stem Cell Factor; Translation Inhibitors; Triacetyluridine; Triciribine; Tropisetron; Turosteride; Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors; Tyrphostins; UBC Inhibitors; Ubenimex; Urogenital Sinus-Derived Growth Inhibitory Factor; Urokinase Receptor Antagonists; Variolin B; Vector system, Erythrocyte Gene Therapy; Velaresol; Veramine; Verdins; Vinorelbine; Vinxaltine; Vitaxin; Zilascorb; and Zinostatin Stimalamer.

Antineutropenic: Filgrastim; Lenograstim; Molgramostim; Regramostim; and Sargramostim.

Antiobsessional agent: Fluvoxamine Maleate.

Antiparasitic: Abamectin; Clorsulon; and Ivermectin.

Antiparkinsonian: Benztropine Mesylate; Biperiden; Biperiden Hydrochloride; Biperiden Lactate; Carbidopa-Levodopa; Carmantadinc; Ciladopa Hydrochloride; Dopamantine; Ethopropazine Hydrochloride; Lazabemide; Levodopa; Lometraline Hydrochloride; Mofegiline Hydrochloride; Naxagolide Hydrochloride; Pareptide Sulfate; Procyclidine Hydrochloride; Ropinirole Hydrochloride; and Tolcapone.

Antiperistaltic: Difenoximide Hydrochloride; Difenoxin; Fluperamide; Lidamidine Hydrochloride; Loperamide Hydrochloride; Malethamer; Nufenoxole; Paregoric.

Antipneumocystic: Atovaquone.

Antiproliferative agent: Piritrexim Isethionate.

Antiprostatic hypertrophy: Sitogluside.

Antiprotozoal: Amodiaquine; Azanidazole; Banmidazole; Camidazole; Chlortetracycline Bisulfate Chlortetracycline Hydrochloride; Flubendazole; Flunidazole; Halofuginone Hydrobromide; Imidocarb Hydrochloride; Ipronidazole; Misonidazole; Moxnidazole; Nitarsone; Ronidazole; Sulnidazole; and Tinidazole.

Antipruritic: Methdilazine; Methdilazine Hydrochloride; and Trimeprazine Tartrate.

Antipsoriatic: Acitretin; Anthralin; Azaribine; Calcipotriene; Cycloheximide; Enazadrem Phosphate; Etretinate; Liarozole Fumarate; Lonapalene; and Tepoxalin.

Antipsychotic: Acetophenazine Maleate; Alentemol Hydrobromide; Alpertine; Azaperone; Batelapine Maleate; Benperidol; Benzindopyrine Hydrochloride; Brofoxine; Bromperidol; Bromperidol Decanoate; Butaclamol Hydrochloride; Butaperazine; Butaperazine Maleate; Carphenazine Maleate; Carvotroline Hydrochloride; Chlorprothixene; Cinperene; Cintriamide; Clomacran Phosphate; Clopenthixol; Clopimozide; Clopipazan Mesylate; Cloroperone Hydrochloride; Clothiapinc; Clothixamide Maleate; Clozapine; Cyclophenazine Hydrochloride; Droperidol; Etazolate Hydrochloride; Fenimi de; Flucindole; Flumezapine; Fluphenazine Decanoate; Fluphenazine Enanthate; Fluphenazine Hydrochloride; Fluspiperone; Fluspirilene; Flutroline; Gevotroline Hydrochloride; Halopemide; Haloperidol; Haloperidol Decanoate; Iloperidone; Imidoline Hydrochloride; Lenperone; Mazapertine Succinate; Mesoridazine; Mesoridazine Besylate; Metiapine; Milenperone; Milipertine; Molindone Hydrochloride; Naranol Hydrochloride; Neflumozide Hydrochloride; Ocaperidone; Olanzapine; Oxiperomide; Penfluridol; Pentiapine Maleate; Perphenazine; Pimozide; Pinoxepin Hydrochloride; Pipamperonc; Piperacetazine; Pipotiazine Palmitate; Piquindone Hydrochloride; Promazine Hydrochloride; Remoxipride; Remoxipride Hydrochloride; Rimcazole Hydrochloride; Seperidol Hydrochloride; Sertindole; Setoperone; Spiperone; Thioridazine; Thioridazine Hydrochloride; Thiothixene; Thiothixene Hydrochloride; Tioperidone Hydrochloride; Tiospirone Hydrochloride; Trifluoperazine Hydrochloride; Trifluperidol; Triflupromazine; Triflupromazine Hydrochloride; and Ziprasidone Hydrochloride.

Antirheumatic: Auranofin; Aurothioglucose; Bindarit; Lobenzarit Sodium; Phenylbutazone; Pirazolac; Prinomide Tromethaminc; and Seprilose.

Antischistosomal: Becanthone Hydrochloride; Hycanthone; Lucanthone Hydrochloride; Niridazole; Oxamniquine; Pararosaniline Pamoate; and Teroxalene Hydrochloride.

Antiseborrheic: Chloroxine; Piroctone; Piroctone Olamine; and Resorcinol Monoacetate.

Antisecretory: Arbaprostil; Deprostil; Fenoctimine Sulfate; Octreotide; Octreotide

Acetate; Omeprazole Sodium; Rioprostil; Trimoprostil.

Antispasmodic: Stilonium Iodide; Tizanidine Hydrochloride.

Antithrombotic: Anagrelide Hydrochloride; Dalteparin Sodium; Danaparoid Sodium; Dazoxiben Hydrochloride; Efegatran Sulfate; Enoxaparin Sodium; Ifetroban; Ifetroban Sodium; and Trifenagrel.

Antitussive: Benzonatate; Butamirate Citrate; Chlophedianol Hydrochloride; Codeine Polistirex; Codoxime; Dextromethorphan; Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide; Dextromethorphan Polistirex; Ethyl Dihunate; Guaiapate; Hydrocodone Bitartrate; Hydrocodone Polistirex; Levopropoxyphene Napsylate; Noscapine; Pemerid Nitrate; Pipazethate; and Suxemerid Sulfate.

Anti-ulcerative: Aceglutamide Aluminum; Cadexomer Iodine; Cetraxate Hydrochloride; Enisoprost; Isotiquimide; Lansoprazole; Lavoltidine Succinate; Misoprostol; Nizatidine; Nolinium Bromide; Pantoprazole; Pifarnine; Pirenzepine Hydrochloride; Rabeprazole Sodium; Remiprostol; Roxatidine Acetate Hydrochloride; Sucralfate; Sucrosofate Potassium; and Tolimidone.

Anti-urolithic: Cysteamine; Cysteamine Hydrochloride; and Tricitrates.

Antiviral: Acemannan; Acvclovir; Acyclovir Sodium; Adefovir; Alovudine; Alvircept Sudotox; Amantadine Hydrochloride; Aranotin; Arildone; Atevirdine Mesylate; Avridine; Cidofovir; Cipamfylline; Cytarabine Hydrochloride; Delavirdine Mesylate; Desciclovir; Didanosine; Disoxaril; Edoxudine; Enviradene; Enviroxime; Famciclovir; Famotine Hydrochloride; Fiacitabine; Fialuridine; Fosarilate; Foscarnet Sodium; Fosfonet Sodium; Ganciclovir; Ganciclovir Sodium; Idoxuridine; Kethoxal; Lamivudine; Lobucavir; Memotine Hydrochloride; Methisazone; Nevirapine; Penciclovir; Pirodavir; Ribavirin; Rimantadine Hydrochloride; Saquinavir Mesylate; Somantadine Hydrochloride; Sorivudine; Statolon; Stavudine; Tilorone Hydrochloride; Trifluridine; Valacyclovir Hydrochloride; Vidarabine; Vidarabine Phosphate; Vidarabine Sodium Phosphate; Viroxime; Zalcitabine; Zidovudine; and Zinviroxime.

Appetite suppressant: Dexfenfluramine Hydrochloride; Phendimetrazine Tartrate; and Phentermine Hydrochloride.

Benign prostatic hyperplasia therapy agent: Tamsulosin Hydrochloride.

Blood glucose regulators: Acetohexamide and Glipizide; Chloropropamide; and Human insulin.

Bone resorption inhibitor: Alendronate Sodium; Etidronate Disodium; and Pamidronate Disodium.

Bronchodilator: Albuterol; Albuterol Sulfate; Azanator Maleate; Bamifylline Hydrochloride; Bitolterol Mesylate; Butaprost; Carbuterol Hydrochloride; Clorprenaline Hydrochloride; Colterol Mesylate; Doxaprost; Doxofylline; Dyphylline; Enprofylline; Ephedrine; Ephedrine Hydrochloride; Fenoterol; Fenprinast Hydrochloride; Guaithylline; Hexoprenaline Sulfate; Hoquizil Hydrochloride; Ipratropium Bromide; Isoetharine; Isoetharine Hydrochloride; Isoetharine Mesylate; Isoproterenol Hydrochloride; Isoproterenol Sulfate; Metaproterenol Polistirex; Metaproterenol Sulfate; Nisbuterol Mesylate; Oxtriphylline; Picumeterol Fumarate; Piquizil Hydrochloride; Pirbuterol Acetate; Pirbuterol Hydrochloride; Procaterol Hydrochloride; Pseudoephedrine Sulfate; Quazodine; Quinterenol Sulfate; Racepinephrine; Racepinephrine Hydrochloride; Reproterol Hydrochloride; Rimiterol Hydrobromide; Salmeterol; Salmeterol Xinafoate; Soterenol Hydrochloride; Sulfonterol Hydrochloride; Suloxifen Oxalate; Terbutaline Sulfate; Theophylline; Xanoxate Sodium; Zindotrine; and Zinterol Hydrochloride.

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor: Acetazolamide; Acetazolamide Sodium; Dichlorophenamide; Dorzolamide Hydrochloride; Methazolamide; and Sezolamide Hydrochloride.

Cardiac depressant: Acecainide Hydrochloride; Acetylcholine Chloride; Actisomide; Adenosine; Amiodarone; Aprindine; Aprindine Hydrochloride; Artilide Fumarate; Azimilide Dihydrochloride; Bidisomide; Bucainide Maleate; Bucromarone; Capohenate Sodium; Capobenic Acid; Cifenline; Cifenline Succinate; Clofilium Phosphate; Disobutamide; Disopyramide; Disopyramide Phosphate; Dofetilide; Drobuline; Edifolone Acetate; Emilium Tosylate; Encainide Hydrochloride; Flecainide Acetate; Ibutilide Fumarate; Indecainide Hydrochloride; Ipazilide Fumarate; Lorajmine Hydrochloride; Lorcainide Hydrochloride; Meobentine Sulfate; Mexiletine Hydrochloride; Modecainide; Moricizine; Oxiramide; Pirmenol Hydrochloride; Pirolazamide; Pranolium Chloride; Procainamide Hydrochloride; Propafenone Hydrochloride; Pyrinoline; Quindonium Bromide; Quinidine Gluconate; Quinidine Sulfate; Recainam Hydrochloride; Recainam Tosylate; Risotilide Hydrochloride; Ropitoin Hydrochloride; Sematilide Hydrochloride; Suricainide Maleate; Tocainide; Tocainide Hydrochloride; and Transcainide.

Cardioprotectant: Dexrazoxane; and Draflazine.

Cardiotonic agent: Actodigin; Amrinone; Bemoradan; Butopamine; Carbazeran; Carsatrin Succinate; Deslanoside; Digitalis; Digitoxin; Digoxin; Dobutamine; Dobutamine Hydrochloride; Dobutamine Lactobionate; Dobutamine Tartrate; Enoximone; Imazodan Hydrochloride; Indolidan; Isomazole Hydrochloride; Levdobutamine Lactobionate; Lixazinone Sulfate; Medorinone; Milrinone; Pelrinone Hydrochloride; Pimobendan; Piroximone; Prinoxodan; Proscillaridin; Quazinone; Tazolol Hydrochloride; and Vesnarinone.

Cardiovascular agent: Dopexamine; and Dopexamine Hydrochloride.

Cerebral ischemia agent: Dextrorphan Hydrochloride.

Choleretic: Dehydrocholic Acid; Fencihutirol; Hymecromone; Piprozolin; Si ncalide; Tocamphyl.

Cholinergic: Aceclidine; Bethanechol Chloride; Carbachol; Demecarium Bromide; Dexpanthenol; Echothiophate Iodide; Isoflurophate; Methacholine Chloride; Neostiamine Methylsulfate; Neostigmine Bromide; Physostigmine; Physostigmine Salicylate; Physostigmine Sulfate; Pilocarpine Nitrate; and Pyridostigmine Bromide.

Cholinergic agonist: Xanomeline; and Xanomeline Tartrate.

Cholinesterase Deactivator: Obidoxime Chloride; Pralidoxime Chloride; Pralidoxime Iodide; and Pralidoxime Mesylate.

Coccidiostat: Arprinocid; Narasin; Semduramicin; and Semduramicin Sodium.

Cognition adjuvant: Ergoloid Mesylates; Piracetam; Pramiracetam Hydrochloride; Pramiracetam Sulfate; and Tacrine Hydrochloride.

Cognition enhancer: Besipirdine Hydrochloride; Linopirdine; and Sibopirdine.

Contrast Media: Barium Sulfate; Diatrizoate Sodium; Erythrosine Sodium; Iopanoic Acid; Ipodate Calcium; Metyrapone; and Tyropanoate Sodium.

Diagnostic aid: Aminohippurate Sodium; Anazolene Sodium; Arclofenin; Bentiromide; Benzylpenicilloyl Polylysine; Butedronate Tetrasodium; Butilfenin; Coccidioidin; Corticorelin Ovine Triflutate; Corticotropin Zinc Hydroxide; Corticotropin, Repository; Diatrizoate Meglumine; Diatrizoic Acid; Diphtheria Toxin for Schick Test; Disofenin; Ethiodized Oil; Etifenin; Exametazime; Ferristenc; Ferumoxides; Ferumoxsil; Fluorescein; Fluorescein Sodium; Gadobenate Dimeglumine; Gadodiamide; Gadopentetate Dimegiumine; Gadoteridol; Gadoversetamide; Histoplasmin; Impromidine Hydrochloride; Indigotindisulfonate Sodium; Indocyanine Green; Iobenguane Sulfate I 123; Iobenzamic Acid; Iocarmate Meglumine; Iocarmic Acid; Iocetamic Acid; Iodamide; Iodamide Megiumine; Iodipamide Meglumine; Iodixanol; Iodoxamate Meglumine; Iodoxamic Acid; Ioglicic Acid; loglucol; Ioglucomide; loglycamic Acid; Iogulamide; Iohexol; Iomeprol; Iopamidol; Iopentol; Iophendylate; Ioprocemic Acid; lopronic Acid; Iopydol; lopydone; Iosefamic Acid; Ioseric Acid; Iosulamide Meglumine; Iosumetic Acid; Iotasul; Iotetric Acid; Iothalamate Meglumine; Iothalamate Sodium; Iothalamic Acid; Iotrolan; Iotroxic Acid; Ioversol; Toxagiate Sodium; Ioxaglate Meglumine; Toxaglic Acid; Ioxilan; Ioxotrizoic Acid; Ipodate Sodium; Iprofenin; Isosulfan Blue; Leukocyte Typing Serum; Lidofenin; Mebrofenin; Meglumine; Metrizamide; Metrizoate Sodium; Metyrapone Tartrate; Mumps Skin Test Antigen; Pentetic Acid; Propyliodone; Quinaldine Blue; Schick Test Control; Sermorelin Acetate; Sodium Iodide I 123; Sprodiamide; Stannous Pyrophosphate; Stannous Sulfur Colloid; Succimer; Teriparatide Acetate; Tetrofosmin; Tolbutamide Sodium; Tuberculin; and Xylose.

Diuretic: Ambuphylline; Ambuside; Amiloride Hydrochloride; Azolimine; Azosemide; Brocrinat; Bumetanide; Chlorothiazide; Chlorthalidone; Clazolimine; Clorexolone; Ethacrynate Sodium; Ethacrynic Acid; Etozolin; Fenquizone; Furosemide; Hydrochlorothiazide; Isosorbide; Mannitol Mefru side; Ozolinone; Piretanide; Spiroxasone; Torsemide; Triamterene; Triflocin; and Urea.

Dopaminergic agent: Ibopamine.

Ectoparasiticide: Nifluridide; Permethrin.

Emetic: Apomorphine Hydrochloride.

Enzyme inhibitor: 30 Polignate Sodium; Acetohydroxamic Acid; Alrestatin Sodium; Aprotinin; Benazepril Hydrochloride; Benazeprilat; Benurestat; Bromocriptine; Bromocriptine Mesylate; Cilastatin Sodium; Flurofamide; Lergotrile; Lergotrile Mesylate; Levcycloserine; Libenzapril; Pentopril; Pepstatin; Perindopril; Sodium Amylosulfate; Sorbinil; Spirapril Hydrochloride; Spiraprilat; Taleranol; Teprotide; Tolfamide; and Zofenopril Calcium.

Estrogen: Chlorotrianisene; Dienestrol; Diethylstilbestrol; Diethylstilbestrol Diphosphate; Equilin; Estradiol; Estradiol Cypionate; Estradiol Enanthate; Estradiol Undecylate; Estradiol Valerate; Estrazinol Hydrobromide; Estriol; Estrofurate; Estrogens, Conjugated; Estrogens, Esterified; Estrone; Estropipate; Ethinyl Estradiol; Fenestrel; Mestranol; Nylestriol; and Quinestrol.

Fibrinolytic: Anistreplase; Bisobrin Lactate; and Brinolase.

Free oxygen radical scavenger: Pegorgotein.

Gastric Acid Suppressant: Lansoprazolc, Pantoprazolc and Omeprazolc.

Gastrointestinal Motility agents: Cisapride.

Glucocorticoid: Amcinonide; Beclomethasone Dipropionate; Betamethasone; Betamethasone Acetate; Betamethasone Benzoate; Betamethasone Dipropionate; Betamethasone Sodium Phosphate; Betamethasone Valerate; Carbenoxolone Sodium; Clocortolone Acetate; Clocortolone Pivalate; Cloprednol; Corticotropin; Cortisone Acetate; Cortivazol; Descinolone Acetonide; Dexamethasone; Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate; Diflucortolone; Diflucortolone Pivalate; Flucloronide; Flumethasone; Flumethasone Pivalate; Flunisolide; Fluocinolonc Acetonidc; Fluocinonidc; Fluocortolone; Fluocortolonc Caproatc; Fluorometholone; Fluperolone Acetate; Fluprednisolone; Fluprednisolone Valerate; Flurandrenolide; Formocortal; Hydrocortisone; Hydrocortisone Acetate; Hydrocortisone Buteprate; Hydrocortisone Butyrate; Hydrocortisone Sodium Phosphate; Hydrocortisone Sodium Succinate; Hydrocortisone Valerate; Medrysone; Methylprednisolone Acetate; Methylprednisolone Sodium Phosphate; Methylprednisolone Sodium Succinate; Nivazol; Paramethasone Acetate; Prednicarbate; Prednisolone; Prednisolone Acetate; Prednisolone Hemisuccinate; Prednisolone Sodium Succinate; Prednisolone Tebutate; Prednisone; Prednival; Ticabesone Propionate; Tralonide; Triamcinolone; Triamcinolone Acetonide; Triamcinolone Acetonide Sodium; Triamcinolone Diacetate; and Triamcinolone Hexacetonide.

Gonad-stimulating principle: Buserelin Acetate; Clomiphene Citrate; Ganirelix Acetate; Gonadorelin Acetate; Gonadorelin Hydrochloride; Gonadotropin, Chorionic; and Menotropins.

Hormone: 17 Alpha Dihydroequilenin; 17 Alpha Dihydroequilin; 17 Alpha Estradiol; 17 Beta Estradiol; 17 Hydroxy Progesterone; Androstenedione; Clomiphene; Cosyntropin; Dehydroepiandrosterone; Dihydroestosterone; Equilenin; Ethyndiol; Follicle Regulatory Protein; Follicle Stimulating Hormone; Folliculostatin; Gonadoctrinins; Gonadorelin; Gonadotropins; Han Memopausal Gonadotropins; Human Chorionic Gonadotropin; Insulin Growth Factor; Leuprolide; Levonorgestrel; Luteinizing hormone; Luteinizing Hormone Releasing Hormone and Analogs; Medroxyprogesterone; Megestrol; Metogest; Norethindrone; Norethynodrel; Norgestrel; Oocyte Maturation Inhibitor; Oxytocin; Pituitary, Posterior; Progesterone; Relaxin; Seractide Acetate; Somalapor; Somatrem; Somatropin; Somenopor; Somidobove; Tamoxifen; Urofollitropin; and Vasopressin.

Hypocholesterolemic: Lifibrol.

Hypoglycemic: Darglitazone Sodium; and Glimepiride.

Hypolipidemic: Azalanstat Dihydrochloride; Colestolone; Surfomer; and Xenalipin.

Hypotensive: Viprostol.

Immunizing agent: Antirabies Serum; Antivenin; Antivenin (Crotalidae) Polyvalent; BCG Vaccine; Botulism Antitoxin; Cholera Vaccine; Diphtheria Antitoxin; Diphtheria Toxoid; Diphtheria Toxoid Adsorbed; Globulin, Immune; Hepatitis B Immune Globulin; Hepatitis B Virus Vaccine Inactivated; Influenza Virus Vaccine; Measles Virus Vaccine Live; Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Group A; Meningococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine Group C; Mumps Virus Vaccine Live; Pertussis Immune Globulin; Pertussis Vaccine; Pertussis Vaccine Adsorbed; Plague Vaccine; Poliovirus Vaccine Inactivated; Poliovirus Vaccine Live Oral; Rabies Immune Globulin; Rabies Vaccine; Rho(D) Immune Globulin; Rubella Virus Vaccine Live; Smallpox Vaccine; Tetanus Antitoxin; Tetanus Immune Globulin; Tetanus Toxoid; Tetanus Toxoid Adsorbed; Typhoid Vaccine; Vaccinia Immune Globulin; VaricellaZoster Immune Globulin; and Yellow Fever vaccine.

Immunomodulator: Dimepranol Acedoben; Imiquimod; Interferon Beta-Ib; Lisofylline; Mycophenolate Mofetil; and Prczatide Copper Acetate.

Immunorequlator: Azarole; Fanetizole Mesylate; Frentizole; Oxamisole Hydrochloride; Ristianol Phosphate; Thymopentin; and Tilomisole.

Immunostimulant: Loxoribine; and Teceleukin.

Immunosuppressant: Azathioprine; Azathioprine Sodium; Cyclosporine; Daltroban; Gusperimus Trihydrochloride; Sirolimus; Tacrolimus.

Impotence therapy adjunct: Delequamine Hydrochloride.

Inhibitor: Acarbose; Atorvastatin Calcium; Benserazide; Brocresine; Carbidopa; Clavulanate Potassium; Dazmegrel; Docebenone; Epoprostenol; Epoprostenol Sodium; Epristeride; Finasteride; Flurbiprofen Sodium; Furegrelate Sodium; Lufironil; Miglitol; Orlistat; Pimagedine Hydrochloride; Pirmagrel; Ponalrestat; Ridogrel; Sulbactam Benzathine; Sulbactam Pivoxil; Sulbactam Sodium; Suronacrine Maleate; Tazobactam; Tazobactam Sodium; Ticlopidine Hydrochloride; Tirilazad Mesylate; Tolrestat; Velnacrine Maleate; Zifrosilone; and Zileuton.

Keratolytic: Alcloxa; Aldioxa; Dibenzothiophene; Etarotene; Motretinide-I Picotrin Diolamine; Salicylic Acid; Sumarotene; Tazarotene; Tetroquinone; and Tretinoin.

LHRH agonist: Deslorelin; Goserelin; Histrelin; Lutrelin Acetate; and Nafarelin Acetate.

Liver disorder treatment: Malotilate.

Luteolysin: Fenprostalene.

Memory adjuvant: Dimoxamine Hydrochloride; and Ribaminol.

Mental performance enhancer: Aniracetam.

Mood regulator: Fengabine.

Mucolytic: Acetylcysteine; Carbocysteine; and Domiodol.

Mucosal Protective agents: Misoprostol (Cytotec).

Mydriatic: Berefrine.

Nasal decongestant: Nemazoline Hydrochloride; Pseudoephedrine Polistirex.

Neuroleptic: Duoperone Fumarate; and Risperidone.

Neuromuscular blocking agent: Atracurium Besylate; Cisatracurium Besylate; Doxacurium Chloride; Gallamine Triethiodide; Metocurine Iodide; Mivacurium Chloride; Pancuronium Bromide; Pipecuronium Bromide; Rocuronium Bromide; Succinylcholine Chloride; Tubocurarine Chloride; and Vecuronium Bromide.

Neuroprotective: Dizocilpine Maleate.

NMDA antagonist: Selfotel.

Non-hormonal sterol derivative: Pregnenolone Succinate.

Oxytocic: Carboprost; Carboprost Methyl; Carboprost Tromethamine; Dinoprost; Dinoprost Tromethamine; Dinoprostone; Ergonovine Maleate; Meteneprost; Methylergonovine Maleate; and Sparteine Sulfate.

Paget's disease agents: Tiludronate Disodium.

Progestin: Algestone Acetophenide; Amadinonc Acetate; Anagestone Acetate; Chlormadinone Acetate; Cingestol; Clogestone Acetate; Clomegestone Acetate; Desogestrel; Dimethisterone; Dydrogesterone; Ethynerone; Ethynodiol Diacetate; Etonogestrel; Flurogestone Acetate; Gestaclone; Gestodene; Gestonorone Caproate; Gestrinone; Haloprogesterone; Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate; Lynestrenol; Medrogestone; Med roxyprogesterone Acetate; Methynodiol Diacetate; Norethindrone Acetate; Norgestimate; Norgestomet; Oxogestone Phenpropionate; Quingestanol Acetate; Quingestrone; and Tigestol.

Prostaglandin: Cloprostenol Sodium; Fluprostenol Sodium; Gemeprost; Prostalenc; and Sulprostone.

Prostate growth inhibitor: Pentomone.

Prothyrotropin: Protirelin.

Psychotropic: Minaprine.

Radioactive agent: Fibrinogen I 125; Fludeoxyglucose F 18; Fluorodopa F 18; Insulin I 125; Insulin I 131; Iobenguane I 123; Iodipamide Sodium I 131; lodoantipyrine I 131; Iodocholesterol I 131; Iodohippurate Sodium I 123; Iodohippurate Sodium I 125; Iodohippurate Sodium I 131; Iodopyracet I 125; Iodopyracet I 131; Iofetamine Hydrochloride I 123; Iomethin I 125; lomethin I 131; Iothalamate Sodium I 125; Iothalamate Sodium I 131; Iotyrosine I 131; Liothyronine I 125; Liothyronine I 131; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 197; Merisoprol Acetate Hg 203; Merisoprol Hg 197; Selenomethionine Se 75; Technetium Tc 99m Antimony Trisulfide Colloid; Technetium Tc 99m Bicisate; Technetium Tc 99m Disofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Etidronate; Technetium Tc 99m Exametazime; Technetium Tc 99m Furifosmin; Technetium Tc 99m Gluceptate; Technetium Tc 99m Lidofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Mebrofenin; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate; Technetium Tc 99m Medronate Disodium; Technetium Tc 99m Mertiatide; Technetium Tc 99m Oxidronate; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate; Technetium Tc 99m Pentetate Calcium Trisodium; Technetium Tc 99m Sestamibi; Technetium Tc 99m Siboroxime; Technetium Tc 99m Succimer; Technetium Tc 99m Sulfur Colloid; Technetium Tc 99m Teboroxime; Technetium Tc 99m Tetrofosmin; Technetium Tc 99m Tiatide; Thyroxine I 125; Thyroxine 1131; Tolpovidonc 1131; Triolein 1125; and Triolein 1131.

Regulator: Calcifediol; Calcitonin; Calcitriol; Clodronic Acid; Dihydrotachysterol; Etidronic Acid; Oxidronic Acid; Piridronate Sodium; Risedronate Sodium; and Secalciferol.

Relaxant: Adiphenine Hydrochloride; Alcuronium Chloride; Aminophylline; Azumolene Sodium; Baclofen; Benzoctamine Hydrochloride; Carisoprodol; Chlorphenesin Carbamate; Chlorzoxazone; Cinflumide; Cinnamedrine; Clodanolene; Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride; Dantrolene; Dantrolene Sodium; Fenalamide; Fenyripol Hydrochloride; Fetoxylate Hydrochloride; Flavoxate Hydrochloride; Fletazepam; Flumetramide; Hexafluorenium Bromide; Isomylamine Hydrochloride; Lorbamate; Mebeverine Hydrochloride; Mesuprine Hydrochloride; Metax alone; Methixene Hydrochloride; Methocarbamol; Nafomine Malate; Nelezaprine Maleate; Papaverine Hydrochloride; Pipoxolan Hydrochloride; Quinctolate; Ritodrine; Ritodrine Hydrochloride; Rolodine; Theophylline Sodium Glycinate; Thiphenamil Hydrochloride; and Xilobam.

Repartitioninq agent: Cimaterol.

Scabicide: Amitraz; Crotamiton.

Sclerosing agent: Ethanolamine Oleate; Morrhuate Sodium; Tribenoside.

Sedative: Propiomazine.

Sedative-hypnotic: Allobarbital; Alonimid; Alprazolam; Amobarbital Sodium; Bentazepam; Brotizolam; Butabarbital; Butabarbital Sodium; Butalbital; Capuride; Carbocloral; Chloral Betaine; Chloral Hydrate; Chlordiazepoxide Hydrochloride; Cloperidone Hydrochloride; Clorethate; Cyprazepam; Dexclamol Hydrochloride; Diazepam; Dichloralphenazone; Estazolam Ethchlorvynol; Etomidate; Fenobam; Flunitrazepam; Fosazepam; Glutethimide; Hal azepam; Lon-netazepam; Mecloqualone; Meprobamate; Methaqualone; Midaflur; Paraldehyde; Pentobarbital; Pentobarbital Sodium; Perlapine; Prazepam; Quazepam; Reclazepam; Roletamide; Secobarbital; Secobarbital Sodium; Suproclone; Tracazolate; Trepipam Maleate; Triazolam; Tricetamide; Triclofos Sodium; Trimetozine; Uldazepam; Zaleplon; Zolazepam Hydrochloride; and Zolpidem Tartrate.

Selective adenosine A1 antagonist: Apaxifylline.

Serotonin antagonist: Altanserin Tartrate; Amesergide; Ketanserin; and Ritanserin.

Serotonin inhibitor: Cinanserin Hydrochloride; Fenclonine; Fonazine Mesylate; and Xylamidine Tosylate.

Serotonin receptor antagonist: Tropanserin Hydrochloride.

Steroid: Dexamethasone Acefurate; and Mometasone Furoate.

Stimulant: Amfonelic Acid; Amphetamine Sulfate; Ampyzine Sulfate; Arbutamine Hydrochloride; Azabon; Caffeine; Ceruletide; Ceruletide Diethylamine; Dazopride Fumarate; Dextroamphetamine; Dextroamphetamine Sulfate; Difluanine Hydrochloride; Dimefline Hydrochloride; Doxapram Hydrochloride; Ethamivan; Etryptamine Acetate; Fenethylline Hydrochloride; Flubanilate Hydrochloride; Flurothyl; Histamine Phosphate; Indriline Hydrochloride; Mefexamide; Methamphetamine Hydrochloride; Methylphenidate Hydrochloride; Pemoline; Pyrovalerone Hydrochloride; Xamoterol; and Xamoterol Fumarate.

Suppressant: Amflutizole; Colchicine; Tazofelone.

Symptomatic multiple sclerosis: Fampridine.

Synergist Proadifen Hydrochloride.

Thyroid hormone: Levothyroxine Sodium; Liothyronine Sodium; and Liotrix.

Thyroid inhibitor: Methimazole; and Propylthiouracil.

Thyromimetic: Thyromedan Hydrochloride.

Tranquilizer: Bromazepam; Buspirone Hydrochloride; Chlordiazepoxide; Clazolam; Clobazam; Clorazepate Dipotassium; Clorazepate Monopotassium; Demoxepam; Dexmedetomidine; Enciprazine Hydrochloride; Gepirone Hydrochloride; Hydroxyphenamate; Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride; Hydroxyzine Pamoate; Ketazolam; Lorazepam; Lorzafone; Loxapine; Loxapine Succinate; Medazepam Hydrochloride; Nabilone; Nisobamate; Oxazepam; Pentabamate; Pirenperone; Ripazepam; Rolipram; Sulazepam; Taciamine Hydrochloride; Temazepam; Triflubazam; Tybamate; and Valnoctamide.

Unstable angina agents: Tirofiban Hydrochloride.

Uricosuric: Benzbromarone; Irtemazole; Probenecid; Sulfinpyrazone.

Vasoconstrictor: Angiotensin Amide; Felypressin; Methysergide; and Methysergide Maleatc.

Vasodilator: Alprostadil; Azaclorzine Hydrochloride; Bamethan Sulfate; Bepridil Hydrochloride; Buterizine; Cetiedil Citrate; Chromonar Hydrochloride; Clonitrate; Dipyridamole; Droprenilamine; Erythrityl Tetranitrate; Felodipine; Flunarizine Hydrochloride; Fostedil; Hexobendine; Inositol Niacinate; Iproxamine Hydrochloride; Isosorbide Dinitrate; Isosorbide Mononitrate; Isoxsuprine Hydrochloride; Lidoflazine; Mefenidil; Mefenidil Fumarate; Mibefradil Dihydrochloride; Mioflazine Hydrochloride; Mixidine; Nafronyl Oxalate; Nicardipine Hydrochloride; Nicergoline; Nicorandil; Nicotinyl Alcohol; Nimodipine; Nisoldipine; Oxfenicine; Oxprenolol Hydrochloride; Pentacrythritol Tetranitrate; Pentoxifylline; Pentrinitrol; Perhexiline Maleate; Pindolol; Pirsidomine; Prenylamine; Propatyl Nitrate; Suloctidil; Terodiline Hydrochloride; Tipropidil Hydrochloride; Tolazoline Hydrochloride; and Xanthinol Niacinate.

Wound healing agent: Ersofermin.

Xanthine oxidase inhibitor: Allopurinol; and Oxypurinol.

Other exemplary small molecules include: 16-Alpha Fluoroestradiol; 16Alpha-Gitoxin; 16-Eplestriol; 17 Alpha Estradiol; 17Beta Estradiol; IAlpha-Hydroxyvitamin D2; 1-Decpyrrolidinone; 1-Dodecpyrrolidinone; 22-Oxacalcitriol; 2CVV; 2′-Nor-cGMP; 3-Isobutyl GABA; 6-FUDCA; 7-Methoxytacrine; Abacavir Sulfate; Abanoquil; Abecamil; Acadesine; Acamprosate; Acebutolol Hydrochloride; Aceclofenac; Acetomepregenol; Acetrizoate Sodium; Acetylcysteine, N—; Acetyldigitoxin; Acetyl-L-carnitine; Acetylmethadol; Acipimox; Acitemate; Aclatonium; Aconiazide; Acrivastinet; Adafenoxate; Adatanserin; Adefovir Dipivoxil; Adclmidrol; Ademetionine; Adiposin; Adrafinil; Alacepril; Aladapcin; Alaptide; Alatrofloxacin Mesylate; Albolabrin; Albumin Chromated Cr-51 Serum; Albumin Human; Albumin Iodinated 1-125 Serum; Albumin Iodinated 1-131 Serum; Aldecalmycin; Alendronic Acid; Alentemol; Alfacalcidol; Alfuzosin; Alglucerase; Alinastine; Alitretinoin; Alkavervir; Allopurinol Sodium; Almotriptan Malate; Alosetron; Alpha Idosone; Alpha-Tocopherol; Alpha-Tocopherol Acetate; Alseroxylon; Altromycin B; Amantadine-HCl; Ambenonium Chloride; Amelometasone; Amezinium Metilsulfate; Amfebutamone; Amifloxacin; Aminolevulinic Acid Hydrochloride; Aminosalicylic Acid Resin Complex; Amiodaronc Hydrochloride; Amisulpridc; Amlodipine; Ammonium Lactate; Amphetamine Adipate; Amphetamine Aspartate; Amphetamine Resin Complex; Ampiroxicam; Amprenavir; Amylin; Amythiamicin; Ananain; Anaritide; Anileridine Phosphate; Anisindione; Anordrin; Apadoline; Apafant; Apraclonidine; Aprepitant; Aprosulate Sodium; Aprotinin Bovine; Aptiganel; Aranidipine; Arbekacin; Arbidol; Arbutamine; Arecatannin B 1; Argatroban; Aripiprazol; Aripiprazole; Arotinolol; Articaine Hydrochloride; Ascorbic Acid; Asimadoline; Aspalatone; Asperfuran; Aspoxicillin; Atazanavir Sulfate; Atenolol, S; Atevirdine; Atomoxetine Hydrochloride; Atpenin B; Atrinositol; Aureobasidin A; Avobenzone; Azadirachtinc; Azelaic Acid; Azelastine; Azelnidipine; Azimilide; Azithromycin Dihydrate; Aztreonwn; Baccatin TIT; Bacoside A; Bacoside B; Bactoholamine; Balazipone; Balhimycin; Balofloxacin; Balsalazide; Bambuterol; Baohuoside 1; Barnidipine; Batebulast; Beauvericin; Becaplermin; Becliconazole; Beclomethasone Dipropionate Monohydrate; Befloxatone; Bellenamine; Benflumetol; Benidipine; Bentoquatam; Benzisoxazole; Benzoidazoxan; Benzoyl Peroxide; Benzphetamine Hydrochloride; Benzquinamide Hydrochloride; Benztropine; Benzyl Benzoate; Benzyl Penicilloyl-Polylysine; Bepridil; Beractant; Beraprost; Berlafenone; Bertosamil; Besipirdine; Beta-Carotene; Betaine, Anhydrous; Betamipron; Betaxolol; Betazole Hydrochloride; Bevantolol; Bexarotene; Bifemelane; Bimakalim; Bimatoprost; Bimithil; Binospirone; Biotin; Bioxalomycin Alpha2; Biriperone; Bisaramil; Bisaziridinylspermine; Bis-Benzimidazole A; Bis-Benzimidazole B; Bismuth Subsalicylate; Bistramide D; Bistramide K; Boldine; Bopindolol; Bortezomib; Brefeldin; Brimonidine; Brinzolamide; Bromfenac; Bucindolol; Budipinc; Bunazosin; Butenafinc; Butcnafine Hydrochloride; Butixocort Propionate; Cabergoline; Caffeine Citrate; Calanolide A; Calcitonin Human; Calcitonin, Salmon; Calcium; Calcium Acetate; Calcium Gluceptate; Calcium Metrizoate; Calfactant; Camonagrel; Candesartan; Candesartan Cilexetil; Candoxatrilat; Capromab; Capsaicin; Carbarnazepine; Carbazomycin C; Carbetocin; Carbidopa/Levodopa; Carbovir; Carboxymethylated Beta-1,3-Glucan; Carperitide; Carteolol; Carumonam; Carvotroline; Caspofungin Acetate; Cebaracetam; CefadroxillCefadroxil Hemihydrate; Cefcapene Pivoxil; Cefdaloxime Pentexil Tosilate; Cefditoren Pivoxil; Cefepime Hydrochloride (Arginine Formulation); Cefetamet; Cefctamet Pivoxil; Cefffietazole; Cefluprenam; Ccfminox; Cefodizime; Cefoselis; Cefoti am; Cefotiam Hexetil; Cefozopran; Cefpirome; Cefsulodin; Ceftazidime (Arginine Formulation); Ceftazidime Sodium; Cefteram; Ceftibuten Dihydrate; Ceftriaxone; Celastrol; Celecoxib; Celikalim; Celiprolol; Cellulose Sodium Phosphate; Cepacidine A; Cericlamine; Cerivastatin; Cerivastatin Sodium; Certoparin Sodium; Cetiedil; Cetirizine; Cetyl Alcohol; Cevimeline Hydrochloride; Chlormerodrin, Hg-197; Chlormezanone; Chloroorienticin A; Chloroorienticin B; Cholecalciferol; Cholestyramine; Choriogonadotropin Alfa; Chromic Phosphate, P-32; Chymopapain; Chymotrypsin; Cibenzoline; Cicicsonidc; Cicloprolol; Cilansctron; Cilnidipinc; Cilobradinc; Cilostazol; Cimetropiurn Bromide; Cinitapride; Cinolazepam; Ciprostene; Cisapride Monohydrate; Cisatracurium, Besilate; Cistinexine; Citalopram; Citalopram Hydrobromide; Citicoline; Citreamicin Alpha; Clausenamide; Clidinium Bromide; Clinafloxacin; Clomethiazole; Clopidogrel; Clopidogrel Bisulfate; Cobalt Chloride, Co-57; Cobalt Chloride, Co-60; Colesevelam Hydrochloride; Colestimide; Colfosceril Palmitate; Complestatin; Contignasterol; Contortrostatin; CorticotropinZinc Hydroxide; Cosalane; Costatolide; Cotinine; Cournermycin AI; Cryptenamine Acetates; Cryptenamine Tannates; Cucumariosid; Curdlan Sulfate; Curiosin; Cyanocobalamin; Cyanocobalamin, Co-57; Cyanocobalamin, Co-58; Cyanocobalamin, Co-60; Cyclazosin; Cyclic HPMPC; Cyclobenzaprine; Cyclobut A; Cyclobut G; Cyclocapron; Cyclosin; Cyclothialidine; Cyclothiazomycin; Cycrimine Hydrochloride; Cyproterone; Cysteamine Bitartrate; Cytochalasin B; Dactimicin; Daidzein; Daidzin; Danaparoid; Daphnodorin A; Dapiprazole; Dapitant; Darifenacin; Darlucin A; Darsidominc; Daunorubicin Citrate; DdUTP; Decamethonium Bromide; Deferiprone; Deferoxamine Mesylate; Dehydrodidemnin B; Delapril; Delequarnine; Delfaprazine; Delmopinol; Delphinidin; Deoxypyridinoline; Deprodone; Depsidomycinderamciclane; Dermatan Sulfate; Deserpidine; Desirudin; Desloratadine; Desmopressin; Desoxoamiodarone; Desoxyribonuclease; Detajmium Bitartrate; Dexketoprofen; Dexloxiglumide; Dexmethylphenidate Hydrochloride; Dexrazoxane Hydrochloride; Dexsotalol; Dextrin 2-Sulphate; Dextroamphetamine Adipate; Dextroamphetamine Resin Complex; Dextroamphetamine Saccharate; Dextrose; Diclofenac Digolil; Dicranin; Dienogest; Diethylhomospennine; Diethylnorspermine; Difenoxin Hydrochloride; Dihydrexidine; Diltiazeim; Dimethyl Prostaglandin A1; Dimethylhomospermine; Dimiracetarn; Dimyristoyl Lecithin; Diphemanil Methylsulfate; Diphencyprone; Diphenylpyraline Hydrochloride; Diprafenone; Dipropylnorspermine; Discodermolide; Divalproex; Docarparnine; Docosanol, 1-; Dolasetron Mesylate Monohydrate; Domitroban; Donepezil Hydrochloride; Dorzolamide; Dosmalfate; Dotarizine; Doxazosin; Doxercalciferol; Draculin; Drosperidone; Drospirenone; Drotaverine Acephyllinate; Droxicam; Dutasteride; Ebiratide; Ebrotidine; Ecabapide; Ecabet; Ecdisteron; Echicetin; Echistatin; Ecteinascidin 722; Ecteinascidin 729; Ecteinascidin 743; Edaravone; Edetate Calcium Disodium; Edetate Disodium; Edobacomab; Edrecolornab; Efavirenz; Efegatran; Efonidipine; Egualen; Elcatonin; Eletriptan; Eletriptan Hydrobromide; Elgodipine; Eliprodil; Eltenac; Emakalim; Emedastine; Emedastine Difumarate; Emiglitate; Emoctakin; Emtricitabine; Enalapril; Enazadrem; Enfuvirtide; Englitazone; Entacapone; Enterostatin; Eplerenone; Epoxymexrenone; Eptastigmine; Eptifibatide; Erdosteine; Ergocalciferol; Ersentilide; Ertapenem Sodium; Erythritol; Escitalopram Oxalate; Esomeprazole Magnesium; Estazolam; Estradiol Acetate; Esuprone; Etanterol; Ethacizin; Ethchlorvynol; Ethinamate; Ethinylestradiol; Ethoxzolamide; Etidocaine Hydrochloride; Etizolam; Etrabamine; Eveminomicin; Examorelin; Ezetimibe; Faerieftmgin; Fantofarone; Famciclovir; Faropenem; Fasidotril; Fasudil; Fedotozine; Felbamate; Fenofibrate; Fenoldopam; Fenspiride; Fentanyl; Fenticonazole; Fepradinol; Ferpifosate Sodium; Ferristene; Ferrixan; Ferrous Citrate, Fe-59; Fexofenadine Hydrochloride; Fibrinogen, 1-125; Fibrinolysin; Flecainide; Flerobuterol; Flcsinoxan; Flczclastinc; Flobufcn; Flomoxcf; Florfenicol; Florifeninc; Flornastat; Flosatidil; Fludeoxyglucose, F-18; Flumecinol; Flunarizine; Fluocalcitriol; Fluoxetine, R—; Fluoxetine, S—; Fluparoxan; Flupirtine; Flurbiprofen Axetil; Flurithromycin; Flutamide; Flutrimazole; Fluvastatin; Fluvoxamine; Folic Acid; Follitropin Alfa; Follitropin Alfa/Beta; Fomivirsen Sodium; Fondaparinux Sodium; Forasartan; Formoterol; Formoterol Fumarate; Formoterol, R,R; Fosinopril; Fosphenytoin; Frovatriptan Succinate; Fulvestrant; Furosemide; Gadobenic Acid; Gadobutrol; Gadodiamide-EOB-DTPA; Gadopentetate Dimeglumine; Gadoteric Acid; Galantamine; Galantamine Hydrobromide; Galdansetron; Gallopamil; Gamolenic Acid; Gatifloxacin; Gefitinib; Gcmifloxacin Mesylate; Gcmtuzumab Ozogamicin; Gepirone; Girisopam; Glaspimod; Glatiramer Acetate; Glaucocalyxin A; Glucagon Hydrochloride; Glucagon Hydrochloride Recombinant; Glucagon Recombinant; Gluconolactone; Glutapyrone; Glutathione Disulfide; Glycopine; Glycopril; Goserelin Acetate; Grepafloxacin; Grepafloxacin Hydrochloride; Guaifenesin; Guanidine Hydrochloride; Halichondrin B; Halofantrine; Halomon; Haloperidol Lactate; Halopredone; Hatomarubigin C; Hatomambigin D; Hatornamicin; Hatornarubigin A; Hatornarubigin B; Heparin Calcium; Heparin Sodium; Hexocyclium Methylsulfate; Hexylcaine Hydrochloride; Histrelin Acetate; Hyaluronidase; Hydrocortamatc Hydrochloride; Hydrocortisone Cypionatc; Hydrocortisone Probutatc; Hydro quinone; Hydroxocobalamin; Hydroxypropyl Cellulose; Hydroxystilbamidine Isethionate; Ibandronate Sodium; Ibogaine; Ibudilast; Ibuprofen Potassium; Icodextrin; Illimaquinone; Iloprost; Imatinib Mesylate; Imidapril; Imidazenil; Imiglucerase; Imipramine Pamoate; Inamrinone Lactate; Indapamide; Indinavir; Indinavir Sulfate; Indium Oxyquinoline; Indium In-III Pentetate Disodium; Indium In-III Pentetreotide Kit; Indometacin; Indometacin Farnesil; Indomethacin Sodium; Inocoterone; Inogatran; Inolimomab; Insulin Aspart; Insulin Aspart Protamine; Insulin Glargine; Insulin Lispro Protamine; Interferon Alfa; Interferon Alfa-NI; Interferon Beta; Interferon Beta-lal; Interferon Gamma-I A; Interferon Gamma-I B; Interferon Omega; Interferon, Consensus; Interleukin-3; Interleukin-1; Interleukin-I Beta; Interleukin-10; Interleukin-II; Interleukin-12; Interleukin-15; Interleukin-2; Interleukin-4; Interleukin-5; Interleukin-7; Interleukin-8; InterleukinI Alpha; Intrinsic Factor; Inulin; Invert Sugar; Iobenguane Sulfate I 131; lobitridol; Iodamide Meglumine; Iodipamide Sodium; Iodoamiloridc; lodohippurate Sodium, 1-123; Iodohippuratc Sodium, 1-131; Iofetamine Hydrochloride 1-123; Tofratol; Iopromide; Iopyrol; Iorneprol; Iothalamate Sodium, 1-125; Iotriside; Ioxaglate Sodium; Ipazilide; Ipenoxazone; Ipidacrine; Ipomeanol, 4; Ipriflavone; Ipsapirone; Irbesartan; Irloxacin; Iron Dextran; Iron Sucrose; Irternazole; Isalsteine; Isbogrel; Isepamicin; Isofloxythepin; Isopropyl Unoprostone; Itameline; Itopride; Ketoprofen, R—; Ketoprofen, S—; Ketorolac; Lactitol; Lactivicin; Lactulose; Laennec; Lafutidine; Lanoconazole; Lanperisone; Larnifiban; Larnotrigine; Latanoprost; Lateritin; Laurocaprarn; Leflunomide; Lemefloxacin; Leminoprazole; Lenercept; Lepirudin; Leptin; Lercanidipine; Lerisetron; Lernildipine; Lesopitron; Letrazuril; Lcucomyzin; Levalbuterol Hydrochloride; Levallorphan Tartrate; Levami sole Hydrochloride; Levetiracetam; Levohetaxolol; Levobunolol; Levobupivacaine; Levobupivacaine Hydrochloride; Levocabastine; Levocarnitine; Levodropropizine; Levofloxacin; Levopropoxyphene Napsylate, Anhydrous; Levormeloxifene; Levornoprolol; Levosimendan; Levosulpiride; Lindane; Linezolid; Linotroban; Linsidornine; Lintitript; Lintopride; Lipase; Lirexapride; Lithium Carbonate; Lithium Citrate; Lodoxamide; Lomerizine; Lonazolac; Lopinavir; Lorglumide; Losartan; Losigamone; Loteprednol; Loviride; Loxapine Hydrochloride; LpdR; Lubeluzole; Lutetium; Luzindole; Lydicamycin; Lysostaphin; Magainin 2 Amide; Magnesium Acetate; Magnesium Acetate Tetrahydrate; Magnolol; Malathion; Mallotochromene; Mallotojaponin; Mangafodipir; Mangafodipir Trisodium; Manidipine; Maniwamycin A; Mannitol; Manurnycin E; Manurnycin F; Mapinastine; Martek 8708; Martek 92211; Massetolide; Meglumine Metrizoate; Meloxicam; Melphalan Hydrochloride; Menadiol Sodium Diphosphate; Menadione; Meprednisone; Mequinol; Mersalyl Sodium; Mesna; Metformin Hydrochloride; Methantheline Bromide; Metharbital; Methoxamine Hydrochloride; Methoxatone; Methoxsalen; Methscopolamine Bromide; Methyclothiazide; Methyldopa; Methylhistamine, R-alpha; Methylinosine Monophosphate; Methylprednisolone Aceponale; Methyprylon; Metiparnide; Metipranolol Hydrochloride; Metolazone; Metoprolol Fumarate; Metoprolol, S—; Metoprotol Tartrate; Metrifonate; Metrizoate Magnesium; Metrizoic Acid; Mezlocillin Sodium Monohydrate; Michellarnine B; Microcolin A; Midodrine; Miglustat; Milacernide; Milarneline; Mildronate; Milnacipran; Milrinone Lactate; Miokarnycin; Mipragoside; Mirfentanil; Mivazerol; Mixanpril; Mizolastinc; Mizoribinc; Moexipril; Moexipril Hydrochloride; Mofezolac; Mometasone; Mometasone Furoate Monohydrate; Monobenzone; Montirelin; Moracizine; Moricizine Hydrochloride; Mosapramine; Mosapride; Molilide; Moxifloxacin Hydrochloride; Moxiraprine; Moxonidine; Mupirocin; Mupirocin Calcium; Mycophenolate Mofetil Hydrochloride; Nadifloxacin; Nadroparin Calcium; Nafadotride; Nafamostat; Naftopidil; Naglivan; Nalmefene Hydrochloride; Naltrexone Hydrochloride; Napadisilate; Napsagatran; Naratriptan; Nasaruplase; Nateglinide; Nateplasel; Nelfinavir Mesylate; Nesiritide; Niacinamide; Nicotine; Nicotine Polacrilex; Niperotidine; Niravolinc; Nisin; Nitazoxanide; Nitecapone; Nitisinonc; Nitrendipine, S—; Nitrofurantoin Monohydrate; Nitrofurantoin Sodium; Nitrofurantoin, Macrocrystalline; Nitrofurazone; Nitroglycerin; Nonoxynol-9; Norelgestromin; Octyl Methoxycinnamate; Olmesartan Medoxomil; Olopatadine; Olopatadine Hydrochloride; Olprinone; Olsalazine; Omeprazole Magnesium; Ondansetron, R—; Oral Hypoglyceremics; Orphenadrine Hydrochloride; Oseltamivir Phosphate; Otenzepad; Oxamisole; Oxaprozin Potassium; Oxcarbazepine; Oxiconazole; Oxiracetam; Oxodipine; Oxybenzone; Oxybutynin; Oxyphencyclimine Hydrochloride; Oxyphenonium Bromide; Ozagrel; Palauarnine; Palinavir; Palonosetron Hydrochloride; Pamaparin Sodium; Panamesinc; Pancrclipase; Panipenem; Panipenum; Pannorin; Panornifene; Pantethine; Pantoprazole Sodium; Pantothenic Acid; Paramethadione; Paricalcitol; Parnaqueside; Parnicogrel; Paroxetine Hydrochloride; Paroxetine Mesylate; Parthenolide; Pazufloxacin; Pegademase Bovine; Pegvisomant; Pemirolast; Pemirolast Potassium; Penciclovir Sodium; Penicillamine; Pentafuside; Pentagastrin; Pentamidine; Pentamidine Isethionate; Pentetate Calcium Trisodium Yb-169; Pentigetide; Pentolinium Tartrate; Pentosan; Perflexane; Perfluoropolymethylisopropyl Ether; Perflutren; Pergolide; Pergolide Mesylate; Perindoprilat; Pernedolac; Perospirone; Phenaridine; Phenindione; Pheniramine Maleate; Phenmetrazine Hydrochloride; Phenotoxifvline; Phenserine; Phensuccinal; Phentermine Resin Complex; Phentolamine Mesilate; Phenylalanyl Ketoconazole; Phenylephrine Bitartrate; Phenytoin Sodium, Extended; Phenytoin Sodium, Prompt; Phosphoric Acid; Phytonadione; Picenadol; Picroliv; Picumeterol; Pidotimod; Pilsicainide; Pimagedine; Pimecrolimus; Pimilprost; Pinocebrin; Pioglitazonc; Piperonyl Butoxide; Pirlindole; Pirmenol; Pirodornast; Polyestradiol Phosphate; Polyethylene Glycol 3350; Polytetrafluoroethylene; Poractant Alfa; Potassium Chloride; Pramipexole Dihydrochloride; Praziquantel; Prazosin; Prilocaine; Procaine Merethoxylline; Proguanil Hydrochloride; Propagermanium; Propentofylline; Propiolactone; Propiomazine Hydrochloride; Propionylcamitine, L−; Propiram; Propiram+Paracetarnol; Propiverine; Prostratin; Protegrin; Protein Hydrolysate; Protokylol Hydrochloride; Protosufloxacin; Prulifloxacin; Pyrethrins; Pyridoxine; Pyridoxine Hydrochloride; Quazeparn; Quetiapine; Quetiapine Fumarate; Quiflapon; Quinagolide; Quinapril; Quinethazone; Quinidine Polygalacturonate; Raloxifene; Ramatroban; Ranclic Acid; Ranolazinc; Rapacuronium Bromide; Recainarn; Regavirumab; Repaglinide; Rescinnamine; Resinferatoxin; Reticulon; Reviparin Sodium; Revizinone; Riboflavin; Riboflavin Phosphate Sodium; Ricasetron; Rilopirox; Rimantadine; Rimexolone; Rimoprogin; Riodipine; Ripisartan; Risedronic Acid; Rispenzepine; Ritipenem Acoxil; Ritipenern; Ritonavir; Rivastigmine Tartrate; Rizatriptan Benzoate; Rnibefradil; Rnivacurium Chloride; Rofecoxib; Rokitamycin; Ropinirole; Ropivacaine; Ropivacaine Hydrochloride Monohydrate; Roquinirnex; Rose Bengal Sodium, 1131; Rosiglitazone Maleate; Roxatidine; Roxindole; Rubidium Chloride Rb-82; Rufloxacin; Rupatidine; Ruzadolanc; Sacrosidase; Safflower Oil; Safironil; Salbutamol, R—; Salnaccdin, R—; Samarium Sm 153 Lexidronam Pentasodium; Sanfetrinem; Saprisartan; Sapropterin; Saquinavir; Sarcophytol A Sargramostim; Sarneridine; Sarnpatrilat; Sarpogrelate; Saruplase; Saterinone; Satigrel; Satumomab Pendetide; Scopolamine; Secretin; Selenomethionine, Se-75; Sematilide; Sermorelin; Sernotiadil; Sertaconazole; Sertraline; Sertraline-HCl; Setiptiline; Sevelamer Hydrochloride; Sevirumab; Sezolamide; Sildenafil Citrate; Silipide; Silteplase; Silver Sulfadiazine; Simendan; Simethicone; Simethicone-Cellulose; Sinitrodil; Sinnabidol; Sipatrigine; Sirnvastatin; Somatomedin C; Somatropin Recombinant; Sorbitol; Somatomedin B; Somatrem; Somatropin; Sotalol; Staurosporine; Stepronin; Stobadine; Strontium Chloride, Sr-89; Succibun; Sulfanilamide; Sulfaphenazole; Sulfapyridine; Sulfoxamine; Sulfoxone Sodium; Sulfur; Sultamicillin; Sultopride; Sumatriptan; Sutilains; Symakalim; Talbutal; Tandospirone; Tannic Acid; Tapgen; Taprostene; Tartaric Acid; Tazanolast; Tegaserod Maleate; Telenzepine; Telmesteine; Telmisartan; Temocapril; Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumaratc; Tenosal; Tepirindole; Terazosin; Terbinafine Hydrochloride; Terflavoxate; Terguride; Terlipressin; Terodiline; Tertatolol; Testosterone Buciclate; Thallous Chloride, TI-201; Thiamine; Thiamine Hydrochloride; Thiofedrine; Thiomarinol; Thioperamide; Thiosemicarbazone; Thonzonium Bromide; Thyroglobulin; Thyrotropin; Thyrotropin Alfa; Tiagabine; Tiagabine Hydrochloride; Tianeptine; Tiapafant; Ticlopidine; Tienoxolol; Tilisolol; Tilnoprofen Arbamel; Tiludronic Acid; Tiopronin; Tiotropium Bromide; Tirandalydigin; Tirilazad; Tirofiban; Tiropramide; Tocopherol Acetate; Tolterodine Tartrate; Torasemide; Trafennin; Trandolapril; Tranylcypromine Sulfate; Travoprost; Traxanox; Trazodone-HCl; Treprostinil Sodium; Tretinoin Tocofcril; Triarntevenc; Tricaprilin; Trichohyalin; Trichosanthin, Alpha; Triclosan; Tridihexethyl Chloride; Trientine; Trientine Hydrochloride; Triflavin; Trimegestone; Trimethoprim Hydrochloride; Trioxsalen; Triptorelin Pamoate; Trolamine Polypeptide Oleate Condensate; Trombodipine; Trometarnol; Tromethamine; Tropine Ester; Trospectomycin; Trovafloxacin; Trovafloxacin Mesylate; Trovirdine; Tucaresol; Tulobuterol; Tylogenin; Tyloxapol; Undecoylium Chloride; Undecoylium Chloride Iodine Complex; Unoprostone Isopropyl; Urapidil; Urea, C-13; Urea, C-14; Uridine Triphosphate; Valaciclovir; Valdecoxib; Valganciclovir Hydrochloride; Valproatc Magnesium; Valproatc Scmisodium; Valrubicin; Valsartan; Vamicamide; Vanadeine; Vaninolol; Vasopressin Tannate; Venlafaxine; Verapamil, (5); Veratrum Viride; Veroxan; Vexibinol; Vinbumine Citrate; Vinburnine Resinate; Vinconate; Vinpocetine; Vinpocetine Citrate; Vintoperol; Viomycin Sulfate; Vitamin A; Vitamin A Palmitate; Vitamin E; Vitamin K; Voriconazole; Voxergolide; Warfarin Potassium; Xemilofiban; Ximoprofen; Yangarnbin; Zabicipril; Zacopride; Zacopride, R—; Zafirlukast; Zalospirone; Zaltoprofen; Zanamivir; Zanarnivir; Zankiren; Zatebradine; Zatosetron; Zenarestat; Zinostatin Stimalarner; Ziprasidone; Ziprasidone Mesylate; Zoledronic Acid; Zolmitriptan; Zolpidem; Zopiclone; Zopiclone, S—; Zopolrestat; and Zotepine.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic agent is one for delivery across the BBB or the BCSFB, such as a chemotherapeutic agent (e.g., Mechlorethamine hydrochloride, Cyclophosphamide, Ifosfamide, Chlorambucil, Melphalan, Busulfan. Thiotepa (Triethylenethiophosphoramide), Carmustine, Lomustine, Streptozocin, Vincristine, Vinblastinc, Paclitaxel, Methotrexate, Mercaptopurine, Thioguanine, Fluorouracil, Cytarabine, Azacitidine, Dactinomycin, Doxorubicin, Daunorubicin, Idarubicin, Bleomycin, Picamycin, Mitomycin, Hydroxyurea, Procarbazine, Dacarbazine, Cisplatin, Carboplatin, Asparaginase, Etoposide, Amsarcrine, Mitotane, or Mitoxantrone). Other therapeutic agents of interest for delivery across the BBB or BCSFB include, but are not limited to, psychopharmacological agents, such as (1) central nervous system depressants, e.g., general anesthetics (barbiturates, benzodiazepines, steroids, cyclohexanone derivatives, and miscellaneous agents), sedative-hypnotics (benzodiazepines, barbiturates, piperidinediones and triones, quinazolinc derivatives, carbamates, aldehydes and derivatives, amides, acyclic ureides, benzazepines and related drugs, phenothiazines, etc.), central voluntary muscle tone modifying drugs (anticonvulsants, such as hydantoins, barbiturates, oxazolidinediones, succinimides, acylureides, glutarimides, benzodiazepines, secondary and tertiary alcohols, dibenzazepine derivatives, valproic acid and derivatives, GABA analogs, etc.), analgesics (morphine and derivatives, oripavine derivatives, morphinan derivatives, phenylpiperidines, 2,6-methane-3-benzazocaine derivatives, diphenylpropylamines and isosteres, salicylates, p-aminophenol derivatives, 5-pyrazolone derivatives, arylacetic acid derivatives, fenamates and isosteres, etc.) and antiemetics (anticholinergics, antihistamines, antidopaminergics, etc.), (2) central nervous system stimulants, e.g., analeptics (respiratory stimulants, convulsant stimulants, psychomotor stimulants), narcotic antagonists (morphine derivatives, oripavine derivatives, 2,6-methane-3-benzoxacine derivatives, morphinan derivatives) nootropics, (3) psychopharmacologicals, e.g., anxiolytic sedatives (benzodiazepines, propanediol carbamates) antipsychotics (phenothiazine derivatives, thioxanthine derivatives, other tricyclic compounds, butyrophenone derivatives and isosteres, diphenylbutylamine derivatives, substituted benzamides, arylpiperazine derivatives, indole derivatives, etc.), antidepressants (tricyclic compounds, MAO inhibitors, etc.), (4) respiratory tract drugs, e.g., central antitussives (opium alkaloids and their derivatives); pharmacodynamic agents, such as (1) peripheral nervous system drugs, e.g., local anesthetics (ester derivatives, amide derivatives), (2) drugs acting at synaptic or neuroeffector junctional sites, e.g., cholinergic agents, cholinergic blocking agents, neuromuscular blocking agents, adrenergic agents, antiadrenergic agents, (3) smooth muscle active drugs, e.g., spasmolytics (anticholinergics, musculotropic spasmolytics), vasodilators, smooth muscle stimulants, (4) histamines and antihistamines, e.g., histamine and derivative thereof (betazole), antihistamines (H1-antagonists, H2-antagonists), histamine metabolism drugs, (5) cardiovascular drugs, e.g., cardiotonics (plant extracts, butenolides, pentadienolids, alkaloids from erythrophleum species, ionophores, adrenoceptor stimulants, etc), antiarrhythmic drugs, antihypertensive agents, antilipidemic agents (clofibric acid derivatives, nicotinic acid derivatives, hormones and analogs, antibiotics, salicylic acid and derivatives), antivaricose drugs, hemostyptics, (6) blood and hemopoictic system drugs, e.g., antianemia drugs, blood coagulation drugs (hemostatics, anticoagulants, antithromhotics, thrombolytics, blood proteins and their fractions), (7) gastrointestinal tract drugs, e.g., digestants (stomachics, choleretics), antiulcer drugs, antidiarrheal agents, (8) locally acting drugs, such as (1) anti-infective agents, e.g., ectoparasiticides (chlorinated hydrocarbons, pyrethins, sulfurated compounds), anthelmintics, antiprotozoal agents, antimalarial agents, antiamebic agents, antileiscmanial drugs, antitrichomonal agents, antitrypanosomal agents, sulfonamides, antimycobacterial drugs, antiviral chemotherapeutics, etc., and (2) cytostatics, i.e., antineoplastic agents or cytotoxic drugs, such as alkylating agents, e.g., Mechlorethamine hydrochloride (Nitrogen Mustard, Mustargen, HN2), Cyclophosphamide (Cytovan, Endoxana), Ifosfamide (IFEX), Chlorambucil (Leukeran), Melphalan (Phenylalanine Mustard, L-sarcolysin, Alkeran, L-PAM). Busulfan (Myleran), Thiotepa (Triethylenethiophosphoramide), Carmustine (BiCNU, BCNU), Lomustine (CeeNU, CCNU), Streptozocin (Zanosar) and the like; plant alkaloids, e.g., Vincristine (Oncovin), Vinblastine (Velban, Velbe), Paclitaxel (Taxol), and the like; antimetabolites, e.g., Methotrexate (MTX), Mercaptopurine (Purinethol, 6-MP), Thioguanine (6-TG), Fluorouracil (5-FU), Cytarabine (Cytosar-U, Ara-C), Azacitidine (Mylosar, 5-AZA) and the like; antibiotics, e.g., Dactinomycin (Actinomycin D, Cosmegen), Doxorubicin (Adriamycin), Daunorubicin (duanomycin, Cerubidine), Idarubicin (Idamycin), Bleomycin (Blenoxane), Picamycin (Mithramycin, Mithracin), Mitomycin (Mutamycin) and the like, and other anticellular proliferative agents, e.g., Hydroxyurea (Hydrea), Procarbazine (Mutalane), Dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome), Cisplatin (Platinol) Carboplatin (Paraplatin), Asparaginase (Elspar) Etoposide (VePesid, VP-16-213). Amsarcrinc (AMSA, m-AMSA), Mitotanc (Lysodren), Mitoxantrone (Novatrone), and the like. Other exemplary agents are described in US Patent Publication Number US20100183581, which is incorporated herein by reference with regard to active agents described therein.

Other exemplary therapeutic agents for delivery across the BBB or BCSFB include, but are not limited to, azidothymidine, nido-carborane, methotrexate, recombinant human soluble CD4, vasoactive intestinal peptide analog, nerve growth factor, β-amyloid peptide Aβ, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, human epidermal growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, daunomycin, expression plasmid encoding tyrosine hydroxylase, PNA anti sense to rev gene of HIV-1, PNA antisense to huntingtin gene, expression plasmid encoding antisense mRNA to human EGFR, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, Adriamycin, dalargin, doxorubicin, loperamide, 5-fluorouracil, and loperamide.

The diagnostic agent may be any diagnostic agent known in the art or described herein. The diagnostic agent may be any agent suitable for diagnostic detection, e.g., Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), ultrasound imaging, optical imaging, sonoluminescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, or nuclear imaging. Non-limiting, exemplary diagnostic agents include an enzyme, a fluorescent compound, a radioactive compound, an ultrasound contrast agent, an optical dye, or a paramagnetic metal atom. Exemplary, non-limiting radioactive compounds comprise a radionuclide selected from the group consisting of: ¹⁸F, ¹²⁴I, ¹²⁵I, ¹³¹I, ¹²³I, ⁷⁷Br, ⁷⁶Br, ^(99m)Tc, ⁵¹Cr, ⁶⁷Ga, ⁶⁸Ga, ⁴⁷Sc, ⁵¹Cr, ¹⁶⁷Tm, ¹⁴¹Ce, ¹⁶⁸Yb, ¹⁷⁵Yb, ¹⁴⁰La, ⁹⁰Y, ⁸⁸Y, ¹⁵³Sm, ¹⁶⁶Ho, ¹⁶⁵Dy, ¹⁶⁶Dy, ⁶²Cu, ⁶⁴Cu, ⁶⁷Cu, ⁹⁷Ru, ¹⁰³Ru, ¹⁸⁶Re, ¹⁸⁸Re, ²⁰³Pb, ²¹¹Bi, ²¹²Bi, ²¹³Bi, ²¹⁴Bi, ¹⁰⁵Rh, ¹⁰⁹Pd, ^(117m)Sn, ¹⁴⁹Pm, ¹⁶¹Tb, ¹⁷⁷Lu, ¹⁹⁸Au and ¹⁹⁹Au. Exemplary, non-limiting fluorescent compounds include fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC), rhodamine (tetramethyl rhodamine isothiocyanate, TRITC), GFP, RFP, YFP, BFP, and quantum dots, and variants thereof. Exemplary, non-limiting enzymes include horseradish peroxidase. Exemplary non-limiting optical dyes include those described in WO 98/18497, WO 98/18496, WO 98/18495, WO 98/18498, WO 98/53857, WO 96/17628, WO 97/18841, WO 96/23524, and WO 98/47538. Exemplary, non-limiting paramagnetic metal atoms include Mn²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe²⁺, Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Gd³⁺, Eu³⁺, Dy³⁺, Pr³⁺, Cr³⁺, Co³⁺, Fe³⁺, Ti³⁺, Tb³⁺, Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, Ho³⁺, Er³⁺, Pa⁴⁺ and Eu²⁺. Exemplary, non-limiting ultrasound contrast agents include those that comprise a fluorinated gas selected from the group of: SF₆ freons, CF₄, C₂F₆, C₃F₈, C₄F₁₀, CBrF₃, CCI₂F₂, C₂CIF₅, CBrCIF₂ and perfluorocarbons.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is conjugated or fused to the ligand, optionally via a linker. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be conjugated or fused to the ligand using any method known in the art or described herein. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be fused to the ligand, e.g., by obtaining a nucleic acid that encodes the ligand in frame with a nucleic acid that encodes the therapeutic or diagnostic agent, generating a fusion protein comprising the ligand and the therapeutic or diagnostic agent. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be fused to the N-terminus or the C-terminus of the ligand. The therapeutic or diagnostic agent may be conjugated to the ligand by covalent bonding, e.g., via a disulfide bond to a cysteine in the ligand.

In some embodiments, the therapeutic or diagnostic agent is contained within a nanoparticle, such as a liposome, which may be conjugated to the ligand. Any suitable nanoparticle (e.g., a liposome, micelle, polymeric nanoparticle, or other nanoparticle) can be used, for example, to deliver a therapeutic or diagnostic agent. In some embodiments, a nanoparticle (e.g., containing or conjugated to a therapeutic or diagnostic agent) can be conjugated to a ligand (e.g., in order to target the nanoparticle to a cell expressing a receptor for the ligand). A ligand can be conjugated (e.g., covalently or non-covalently) to a nanoparticle either directly or via a linker. In some embodiments, more than one ligand molecule (e.g., two or more different ligands, or a plurality of molecules of one or more ligands) can be conjugated to each nanoparticle. The ratio of ligand molecules to each nanoparticle can be adapted for targeting the nanoparticles to cells expressing the appropriate receptor(s). Non-limiting ratios of ligand to nanoparticle can range from 1:1 to 1,000:1 (e.g., 10:1, 50:1, 100:1, 500:1 or intervening or higher ratios).

The linker may be any linker known in the art, including a protein linker, a peptide linker, a polysaccharide linker, a nucleic acid linker, or a small molecule linker. The linker may be cleavable, e.g., by oxidation, reduction or pH lability.

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a composition comprising a ligand, such as a ligand comprising a dockerin domain, associated with a therapeutic or diagnostic agent as described herein. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. Non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include lactose, dextrose, sucrose, sorbitol, mannitol, starches, gum acacia, calcium phosphate, alginates, tragacanth, gelatin, calcium silicate, microcrystalline cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose, water, saline, syrup, methylcellulose, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, polyacrylic acids, lubricating agents (such as talc, magnesium stearate, and mineral oil), wetting agents, emulsifying agents, suspending agents, preserving agents (such as methyl-, ethyl-, and propyl-hydroxy-benzoates), pH adjusting agents (such as inorganic and organic acids and bases), sweetening agents, and flavoring agents. Other non-limiting examples of pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include saline (e.g., sterilized, pyrogen-free saline), saline buffers (e.g., citrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer, and bicarbonate buffer), amino acids, urea, alcohols, ascorbic acid, phospholipids, proteins (for example, serum albumin), EDTA, sodium chloride, liposomes, mannitol, sorbitol, and glycerol. Methods for making such formulations are well known and can be found in, for example, Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 22nd edition, Pharmaceutical Press, 2012.

Subjects

The subject may be any mammalian subject, including a human subject. In some embodiments, the subject expresses a heterologous receptor as described herein. In some embodiments, the receptor or a nucleic acid encoding the receptor is delivered to and expressed in a particular tissue or cell, e.g., the heterologous receptor is expressed in the choroid plexus of the subject. In some embodiments, the receptor is expressed in the brain, pancreas, liver, heart, skeletal muscle, lung, prostate, cervix, eye, stomach, intestine, esophagus, gallbladder, colon, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid, skin, spleen, bladder, bone, or kidney or any other organs, of the subject.

In some embodiments, the subject has a neurodegenerative disease, a lysosomal storage disease, or a brain or central nervous system cancer. Exemplary diseases include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Huntington's disease, muscular dystrophies, Pompe's disease, and Bataan's disease. In some embodiments, the subject has a disease described in Table 2. In some embodiments, the subject has a genetic disease that is unique to a particular organ or organ system (e.g., haemophilia for blood, polycystic kidney disease for kidney, Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy for muscle, and Angelman syndrome for brain). Other exemplary diseases that the subject may have include prostate cancer, cervical cancer, and metabolic diseases, e.g., high blood pressure or diabetes.

Nucleic Acid and Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (rAAV)

Other aspects of the disclosure relate to a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain (e.g., a cohesin ligand-binding domain) of a non-mammalian protein as described herein (e.g., a bacterial protein) or a ligand-binding domain of a mammalian protein having a ligand that does not bind to an endogenous receptor of a mammal, such as a human. Yet other aspects relate to a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle comprising a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain (e.g., a cohesin ligand-binding domain) of a non-mammalian protein (e.g., a bacterial protein) as described herein or a ligand-binding domain of a mammalian protein having a ligand that does not bind to an endogenous receptor of a mammal, such as a human.

In some embodiments, the receptor further contains an extracellular, transmembrane and/or intracellular domain of a mammalian receptor as described herein (e.g., a transferrin receptor).

In some embodiments, the sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 1) AVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIPVRFSGIPSKGIANCDFVYSYDPNVLEIIEIE PGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYPDRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGAYAITEDGVFATIVA KVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGGFANNDLVEQKTQFFDGGVNVG, or an amino acid sequence that is that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:1.

In some embodiments, the sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 4) MMDQARSAFSNLFGGEPLSYTRFSLARQVDGDNSHVEMKLAVDEEENADNN TKANVTKPKRCSGSICYGTIAVIVFFLIGFMIGYLGYCKGVEPKTECERLA GTESPVREEPGEDFPAARRLYWDDLKRKLSEKLDSTDFTSTIKLLNENSYV PREAGSQKDENLALYVENQFREFKLSKVWRDQHFVKIQVKDSAQNSVIIVD KNGRLVYLVENPGGYVAYSKAATVTGKLVHANFGTKKDFEDLYTPVNGSIV IVRAGKITFAEKVANAESLNAIGVLIYMDQTKFPIVNAELSFFGHAHLGTG DPYTPGFPSFNHTQFPPSRSSGLPNIPVQTISRAAAEKLFGNMEGDCPSDW KTDSTCRMVTSESKNVKLTVSNVLKEIKILNIFGVIKGFVEPDHYVVVGAQ RDAWGPGAAKSGVGTALLLKLAQMFSDMVLKDGFQPSRSIIFASWSAGDFG SVGATEWLEGYLSSLHLKAFTYINLDKAVLGTSNFKVSASPLLYTLIEKTM QNVKHPVTGQFLYQDSNWASKVEKLTLDNAAFPFLAYSGIPAVSFCFCEDT DYPYLGTTMDTYKELIERIPELNKVARAAAEVAGQFVIKLTHDVELNLDYE RYNSQLLSFVRDLNQYRADIKEMGLSLQWLYSARGDFFRATSRLTTDFGNA EKTDRFVMKKLNDRVMRVEYHFLSPYVSPKESPFRHVFWGSGSHTLPALLE NLKLRKQNNGAFNETLFRNQLALATWTIQGAANALSGDVWDIDNEFSEFGS TGSTGSTGADPTRAAVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIPVRFSGIPSKGIANCDFV YSYDPNVLEIIEIEPGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYPDRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGA YAITEDGVFATIVAKVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGGFANNDLVEQKTQFFDGG VNVGT, or an amino acid sequence that is that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4.

In some embodiments, the sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain comprises a nucleotide sequence that encodes the amino acid sequence

(SEQ ID NO: 5) MGAGATGRAMDGPRLLLLLLLGVSLGGATRAAVRIKVDTVNAKPGDTVRIP VRFSGIPSKGIANCDFVYSYDPNVLEIIEIEPGELIVDPNPTKSFDTAVYP DRKMIVFLFAEDSGTGAYAITEDGVFATIVAKVKSGAPNGLSVIKFVEVGG FANNDLVEQKTQFFDGGVNVGTRVGIPKEACPTGLYTHSGECCKACNLGEG VAQPCGANQTVCEPCLDSVTFSDVVSATEPCKPCTECVGLQSMSAPCVEAD DAVCRCAYGYYQDETTGRCEACRVCEAGSGLVFSCQDKQNTVCEECPDGTY SDEANHVDPCLPCTVCEDTERQLRECTRWADAECEEIPGRWITRSTPPEGS DSTAPSTQEPEAPPEQDLIASTVAGVVTTVMGSSQPVVTRGTTDNLIPVYC SILAAVVVGLVAYIAFKRWNRRHKQKIVAPVKQTLNFDLLKLAGDVESNPG PGDTSI, or an amino acid sequence that is that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% identical to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5.

The promoter sequence may be any of a number of promoters suitable for use in a selected host cell or tissue. The promoter may be, for example, a constitutive promoter, a tissue-specific promoter, an inducible promoter, or a synthetic promoter. For example, constitutive promoters of different strengths can be used. A nucleic acid described herein may include one or more constitutive promoters, such as viral promoters or promoters from mammalian genes that are generally active in promoting transcription. Non-limiting examples of constitutive viral promoters include the Herpes Simplex virus (HSV), thymidine kinase (TK), Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV), Simian Virus 40 (SV40), Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV), Ad E1A and cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoters. Non-limiting examples of constitutive mammalian promoters include various housekeeping gene promoters, as exemplified by the β-actin promoter.

Inducible promoters and/or regulatory elements may also be contemplated for achieving appropriate expression levels of the protein or polypeptide of interest. Non-limiting examples of suitable inducible promoters include those from genes such as cytochrome P450 genes, heat shock protein genes, metallothionein genes, and hormone-inducible genes, such as the estrogen gene promoter. Another example of an inducible promoter is the tetVP16 promoter that is responsive to tetracycline.

Tissue-specific promoters and/or regulatory elements are also contemplated herein. Non-limiting, exemplary tissue specific promoters include Glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter (GFAP, e.g., for astrocytes of the brain), Mb promoter (e.g., for Muscle), OG-2 promoter (e.g., for bone), SP-B promoter (e.g., for lung), and SYN1 promoter (e.g., for neurons). Other exemplary tissue specific promoters include, but are not limited to, CD14 promoter (e.g., for Monocytic cells), CD43 promoter (e.g., for Leukocytes & platelets), CD45 promoter (e.g., for Haematopoietic cells), CD68 promoter (e.g., for Macrophages), Desmin promoter (e.g., for Muscle), Elastase-1 promoter (e.g., for Pancreatic acinar cells), Endoglin promoter (e.g., for Endothelial cells), Fibronectin promoter (e.g., for Differentiating cells, healing tissues), Flt-1 promoter (e.g., for Endothelial cells), GPIIb promoter (e.g., for Megakaryocytes), ICAM-2 promoter (e.g., for Endothelial cells), Mouse INF-13 promoter (e.g., for Hematopoietic cells), NphsI promoter (e.g., for Podocytes), SP-B promoter (e.g., for Lung), WASP promoter (e.g., for Hematopoietic cells), SV40/bAlb promoter (e.g., for Liver), SV40/hAlb promoter (e.g., for Liver), SV40/CD43 promoter (e.g., for Leukocytes & platelets), SV40/CD45 promoter (e.g., for Hematopoietic cells), and NSE/RU5′ promoter (e.g., for Mature neurons) (see, e.g., products available from Invivogen).

Synthetic promoters are also contemplated herein. A synthetic promoter may comprise, for example, regions of known promoters, regulatory elements, transcription factor binding sites, enhancer elements, repressor elements, and the like. In some embodiments, the synthetic promoter is a CMV and chicken beta-actin (CBA) hybrid promoter (see exemplary sequence below). Other exemplary synthetic promoters include, but are not limited to, FerL/RU5′ promoter, FerH/RU5′ promoter, I3Act/RU5′ promoter, EF1/RU5′ promoter, CMV/FerL/chEF1 promoter and SV40/hFerH/mEF1 promoter (see, e.g., products available from Invivogen).

Exemplary sequence of CMV/CBA promoter: (SEQ ID NO: 10) CTAGATCTGAATTCGGTACCCTAGTTATTAATAGTAATCAATTACGGGGTC ATTAGTTCATAGCCCATATATGGAGTTCCGCGTTACATAACTTACGGTAAA TGGCCCGCCTGGCTGACCGCCCAACGACCCCCGCCCATTGACGTCAATAAT GACGTATGTTCCCATAGTAACGCCAATAGGGACTTTCCATTGACGTCAATG GGTGGACTATTTACGGTAAACTGCCCACTTGGCAGTACATCAAGTGTATCA TATGCCAAGTACGCCCCCTATTGACGTCAATGACGGTAAATGGCCCGCCTG GCATTATGCCCAGTACATGACCTTATGGGACTTTCCTACTTGGCAGTACAT CTACGTATTAGTCATCGCTATTACCATGGTCGAGGTGAGCCCCACGTTCTG CTTCACTCTCCCCATCTCCCCCCCCTCCCCACCCCCAATTTTGTATTTATT TATTTTTTAATTATTTTGTGCAGCGATGGGGGCGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGGCG CGCGCCAGGCGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGGGCGGGGCGGGGCGAGGCGGAG AGGTGCGGCGGCAGCCAATCAGAGCGGCGCGCTCCGAAAGTTTCCTTTTAT GGCGAGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCCCTATAAAAAGCGAAGCGCGCGGCGGGC G

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid comprises one or more additional regions comprising a sequence that facilitates expression of the receptor, e.g., expression control sequences operatively linked to the receptor sequence. Numerous such sequences are known in the art. Non-limiting examples of expression control sequences include promoters, insulators, silencers, response elements, introns, enhancers, initiation sites, termination signals, and poly(A) tails. Any combination of such control sequences as contemplated herein (e.g., a promoter and an enhancer).

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid contains a construct comprising (a) one or more nucleic acid regions comprising a sequence encoding a receptor as described herein (e.g., comprising a cohesin domain optionally combined with a transferrin or NGFR transmembrane and/or intracellular domain) and (b) one or more (ITR) sequences flanking the one or more heterologous nucleic acid regions. In some embodiments, the ITR sequences are modified or derived from AAV2 ITR sequences. ITR sequences and plasmids containing ITR sequences are known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., products and services available from Vector Biolabs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Cellbiolabs, San Diego, Calif.; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca; and Addgene, Cambridge, Mass.; and Gene delivery to skeletal muscle results in sustained expression and systemic delivery of a therapeutic protein. Kessler P D, Podsakoff G M, Chen X, McQuiston S A, Colosi P C, Matelis L A, Kurtzman G J, Byrne B J. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1996 Nov. 26; 93(24):14082-7; and Curtis A. Machida. Methods in Molecular Medicine™. Viral Vectors for Gene Therapy Methods and Protocols. 10.1385/1-59259-304-6:201 Humana Press Inc. 2003. Chapter 10. Targeted Integration by Adeno-Associated Virus. Matthew D. Weitzman, Samuel M. Young Jr., Toni Cathomen and Richard Jude Samulski; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,139,941 and 5,962,313, all of which are incorporated herein by reference).

The rAAV particle may be of any AAV serotype, including any derivative or pseudotype (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, or pseudotypes/derivatives thereof). For example, any ITR sequence derived or modified from an AAV serotype (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13) can be used with viral particles comprising capsid proteins of a different serotype (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13, or derivatives thereof). Non-limiting examples of derivatives and pseudotypes include rAAV2/1, rAAV2/5, rAAV2/8, rAAV2/9, AAV2-AAV3 hybrid, AAVrh.10, AAVhu.14, AAV3a/3b, AAVrh32.33, AAV-HSC15, AAV-HSC17, AAVhu.37, AAVrh.8, CHt-P6, AAV2.5, AAV6.2, AAV2i8, AAV-HSC15/17, AAVM41, AAV9.45, AAV6(Y445F/Y731F), AAV2.5T, AAV-HAE1/2, AAV clone 32/83, AAVShH10, AAV2 (Y->F), AAV8 (Y733F), AAV2.15, AAV2.4, AAVM41, and AAVr3.45. Such AAV serotypes and derivatives/pseudotypes, and methods of producing such derivatives/pseudotypes are known in the art (see, e.g., Mol Ther. 2012 April; 20(4):699-708. doi: 10.1038/mt.2011.287. Epub 2012 Jan. 24. The AAV vector toolkit: poised at the clinical crossroads. Asokan A1, Schaffer D V, Samulski R J.). In some embodiments, the rAAV particle is a pseudotyped rAAV particle. In some embodiments, the pseudotyped rAAV particle which comprises (a) a nucleic acid vector comprising AAV2 ITRs and (b) a capsid comprised of capsid proteins derived from AAVx (e.g., AAV1, AAV3, AAV4, AAVS, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, or AAV13). Exemplary rAAV pseudotyped particles include, but are not limited to rAAV2/1, rAAV2/5, rAAV2/8, and rAAV2/9 particles. Methods for producing and using pseudotyped rAAV particles are known in the art (see, e.g., Duan et al., J. Virol., 75:7662-7671, 2001; Halbert et al., J. Virol., 74:1524-1532, 2000; Zolotukhin et al., Methods, 28:158-167, 2002; and Auricchio et al., Hum. Molec. Genet., 10:3075-3081, 2001). In some embodiments, the rAAV is an rAAV2/1 or rAAV2/9 particle.

In some embodiments the rAAV particle comprises an AAV1 or AAV9 serotype capsid and a nucleic acid encoding a receptor comprising a cohesin domain and a NGFR domain. In some embodiments the rAAV particle comprises an AAV1 or AAV9 serotype capsid and a nucleic acid encoding a receptor comprising a cohesin domain and a transferrin receptor domain.

Methods of producing rAAV particles and nucleic acids are also known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., Zolotukhin et al. Production and purification of serotype 1, 2, and 5 recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors. Methods 28 (2002) 158-167; and U.S. Patent Publication Numbers US20070015238 and US20120322861, which are incorporated herein by reference; and plasmids and kits available from ATCC and Cell Biolabs, Inc.). For example, the nucleic acid vector may be combined with one or more helper plasmids, e.g., that contain a rep gene (e.g., encoding Rep78, Rep68, Rep52 and Rep40) and a cap gene (encoding VP1, VP2, and VP3), and transfected into a producer cell line such that the rAAV particle can be packaged and subsequently purified.

In some embodiments, the one or more helper plasmids is a first helper plasmid comprising a rep gene and a cap gene and a second helper plasmid comprising a Ela gene, a E1b gene, a E4 gene, a E2a gene, and a VA gene. In some embodiments, the rep gene is a rep gene derived from AAV2 and the cap gene is derived from AAV9. Helper plasmids, and methods of making such plasmids, are known in the art and commercially available (see, e.g., pDM, pDG, pDP1rs, pDP2rs, pDP3rs, pDP4rs, pDP5rs, pDP6rs, pDG(R484E/R585E), and pDP8.ape plasmids from PlasmidFactory, Bielefeld, Germany; other products and services available from Vector Biolabs, Philadelphia, Pa.; Cellbiolabs, San Diego, Calif.; Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, Ca; and Addgene, Cambridge, Mass.; pxx6; Grimm et al. (1998), Novel Tools for Production and Purification of Recombinant Adenoassociated Virus Vectors, Human Gene Therapy, Vol. 9, 2745-2760; Kern, A. et al. (2003), Identification of a Heparin-Binding Motif on Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Capsids, Journal of Virology, Vol. 77, 11072-11081.; Grimm et al. (2003), Helper Virus-Free, Optically Controllable, and Two-Plasmid-Based Production of Adeno-associated Virus Vectors of Serotypes 1 to 6, Molecular Therapy, Vol. 7, 839-850; Kronenberg et al. (2005), A Conformational Change in the Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Capsid Leads to the Exposure of Hidden VP1 N Termini, Journal of Virology, Vol. 79, 5296-5303; and Moullier, P. and Snyder, R. O. (2008), International efforts for recombinant adenoassociated viral vector reference standards, Molecular Therapy, Vol. 16, 1185-1188).

An exemplary, non-limiting, transfection method is described next. One or more helper plasmids are produced or obtained, which comprise rep and cap genes for an AAV serotype or pseudotype and the adenoviral VA, E2A (DBP), and E4 genes under the transcriptional control of their native promoters. HEK293 cells (available from ATCC®) are transfected via CaPO₄-mediated transfection, lipids or polymeric molecules such as Polyethylenimine (PEI) with the helper plasmid(s) and a nucleic acid vector comprising the receptor construct. The HEK293 cells are then incubated for at least 60 hours to allow for rAAV particle production. The rAAV particles can then be purified from the HEK293 using methods known in the art, e.g., by iodixanol step gradient, CsCl gradient, chromatography, or polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation.

In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or the rAAV particle is contained within a composition. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid or the rAAV particle is contained within a kit, which may include instructions for use, such as in a method described herein.

Without further elaboration, it is believed that one skilled in the art can, based on the above description, utilize the present disclosure to its fullest extent. The following specific embodiments are, therefore, to be construed as merely illustrative, and not limitative of the remainder of the disclosure in any way whatsoever. All publications cited herein are incorporated by reference for the purposes or subject matter referenced herein.

EXAMPLES Example 1. Crossing the Blood-Cerebrospinal Fluid Barrier in the Mouse Choroid Plexus with an Engineered Receptor/Ligand System

Being one of the most delicate organs of the body, the brain is well protected against potentially toxic substances by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB). As a result the treatment of brain disorders is often limited by the inability of therapeutic drugs to cross either of these barriers from blood to brain. This remains a key obstacle despite decades of research and thus, there is much interest in devising methods to reach the brain more efficiently.

Several strategies have been explored to increase drug delivery into the brain throughout the blood¹. One of these strategies is based on transiently disrupting the brain barriers. The most widely studied method involves intra-arterial injection of a hyperosmolar molecule such as mannitol or arabinose^(2,3). The osmotic shock causes the shrinkage of cerebrovascular endothelial cells and disruption of the tight junctions, which leads to an increase of permeability of the BBB⁴. This temporal disruption lets drugs and macromolecules diffuse from blood to brain, but the duration of the BBB opening is limited^(5,6). Furthermore, these methods also have the problem of unwanted blood components and other molecules entering the brain, leading to potential neural tissue damage.

Other strategies are based on physiological approaches. Large molecules, like transferrin or insulin, are transported from blood to brain by specific receptors. These receptors are highly expressed on the cells of the BBB and BCSFB, and they transport the ligands by a process called receptor-mediated transcytosis⁷. In this approach, the non-transportable molecule is covalently coupled with the ligand, which then uses the normal receptor-ligand interaction to carry the therapeutic molecule across the brain barriers⁸. However, the widespread expression of these receptors on peripheral organs limits their capability for specific brain delivery. For instance, transferrin receptors have high expression in liver and spleen so targeting this receptor leads to potential delivery not only in the brain, but also to liver and spleen⁹⁻¹¹. Therefore, specificity in targeting only the brain and specificity in the class of molecules that are delivered are important goals for an ideal brain delivery system.

To address this issue, an engineered-receptor/ligand system was devised to target the brain barriers. The engineered-receptor is expressed in the cells of the brain barriers, providing specificity for brain targeting. The ligand, which recognizes only the engineered receptor, is delivered systemically by intravenous injection. The receptor-ligand combination chosen for this example comes from the anaerobic bacteria Clostridium thermocellum, which has a self-assembled multiprotein complex called a cellulosome for degradation of plant cell walls¹². Cellulosome assembly is mediated by a complementary pair of modules called cohesin and dockerin that provide a specific high affinity interaction. It was hypothesized that by combining the bacterial cohesin-dockerin anchoring system with a mammalian receptor, it would be possible to create an artificial receptor/ligand system that could be used as a high-affinity and potentially specific mammalian delivery system for therapeutic molecules in the brain.

In this study, the binding and transport properties of the cohesin-dockerin system were examined in the mouse brain. The engineered receptor was expressed in cells of the choroid plexus, using a recombinant Adeno-associated virus (rAAV). Subsequently, the ligand was injected systemically and brains were analyzed for receptor/ligand binding. Robust binding of the ligand to the choroid plexus as well as entry of the ligand into ependymocytes and transport to their apical (brain side) membrane was observed.

Results

Ex vivo validation of the receptor/ligand system. Cohesin 7 from the CipA scaffoldin gene13 was fused to the C-terminus of the human transferrin receptor (TfR). This construct was then cloned into a recombinant Adeno-associated virus serotype 9 (rAAV9) vector under the control of a hybrid CMV-β actin promoter to generate AAV9-TfR-cohesin (FIG. 1A). It was hypothesized that AAV transduction would allow the TfR-cohesin protein to be expressed in mammalian cells, that the transferrin receptor would localize the TfR-cohesin protein to the cell surface, and that cohesin would then act as the binding domain for dockerin fused to a therapeutic molecule. For purposes of demonstration, the model therapeutic molecule was a fusion protein of GFP and dockerin. To build the GFP-dockerin ligand, the dockerin sequence from the Ce18A cellulose gene14 was fused to the C terminus of the open reading frame of the Green Fluorescence Protein (GFP) (FIG. 1A). The GFP-dockerin protein was then expressed in bacteria and purified as described in the Methods below. GFP was chosen to allow visualization of the location of the GFP-dockerin protein after intravenous injection into animals expressing TfR-cohesin. The molecular weight of the GFP-dockerin molecule was approximately 37 kDa, which was not expected to cross the brain barriers. To test the receptor/ligand system, AAV9-TfR-cohesin was injected into the right ventricle or into the right striatum of mice. The left side in each case (ventricle or striatum) was left uninjected and used as a control.

To locate the expression of TfR-cohesin in the brain, and to determine if cohesin/dockerin binding functioned in brain tissue, brain slices from animals injected with TfR-cohesin were incubated in the presence or absence of GFP-dockerin two weeks post rAAV injection. In animals injected in the right striatum, a high GFP signal was found in the striatum and surrounding brain regions (FIG. 6B) following incubation with GFP-dockerin protein. As expected, slices incubated in the absence of GFP-dockerin showed no GFP signal (FIG. 6A).

In animals injected with AAV9-TfR-cohesin intraventricularly, a high GFP signal was observed in the brain parenchyma surrounding the right lateral ventricle, where the injection of AAV9-TfR-cohesin had occurred (FIG. 1B). GFP signal was detected from the olfactory bulb/anterior olfactory nucleus to the hippocampus (FIG. 7), which reflects the degree to which the rAAV diffused from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the surrounding brain parenchyma. In addition, GFP signal was also found in cells of the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricles, not only on the right side (FIG. 1D) but also on the left side (FIG. 1C). This was presumably due to the fact that choroid plexus cells in both ventricles were accessible to TfR-cohesin virus injected into the right ventricle via CSF.

To rule out the possibility that the AAV9 capsid or some portion of the TfR protein sequence were involved in GFP-dockerin binding, an alternative engineered receptor was made in which the human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) amino acid sequence was fused to cohesin and packaged in an AAV1 (rather than AAV9) serotype capsid (AAV1-NGFR-cohesin). When this rAAV virus was injected into the right striatum of the brain a strong GFP signal was found in the right striatum when brain slices were incubated with GFP-dockerin (FIG. 6D), and no signal was found in the absence of the GFP-dockerin ligand (FIG. 6C). This demonstrated that receptor/ligand binding was specific, i.e., due exclusively to the cohesin/dockerin interaction and not to a fortuitous binding of the GFP protein to the transferrin receptor or to components of the AAV capsid protein that might remain two weeks post injection. These results also showed that both TfR-cohesin and NGFR-cohesin could be expressed on the membrane of mammalian cells, and that GFP-dockerin was able to bind TfR-cohesin and NGFR-cohesin in brain tissue, validating that the engineered receptor/ligand system was working correctly.

Ligand injected intravenously in vivo labels cells of the choroid plexus in the brain. The blood-brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier present several differences. The BBB is located in the brain parenchyma and it is formed by the endothelial cells of the capillaries in the brain parenchyma. These cells are connected by tight junctions that block the movement of molecules between blood and brain¹⁵. The endothelial cells are at the same time in contact with blood through their apical membrane and with the brain parenchyma through their basolateral membrane. The BCSFB, however, is located in the choroid plexus organs, which are located in the lateral ventricles as well as the third and fourth ventricles (FIG. 2A). The choroid plexus is basically composed of a dense network of capillaries surrounded by a single layer of epithelial cells called choroidal ependymocytes, and they do not have the same structure as the blood-brain barrier¹⁶. In the choroid plexus the capillary endothelial cells lack tight junctions and instead the ependymocytes are the cells that arc tightly connected, which blocks the movement of molecules from the blood to the brain. Hence, in this barrier the choroid ependymocytes are the cells that are at the same time in contact with blood fluids and brain tissue. These cells however are oriented in the opposite way, with the basolateral membrane facing the blood side and the apical membrane facing the brain side. It was hypothesized that if ependymocytes of the choroid plexus or endothelial cells in the brain parenchyma could be targeted and infected, it would be possible to express the TfR-cohesin receptor on the side in contact with blood, so that GFP-dockerin injected into the blood could potentially reach TfR-cohesin receptors and bind to them in vivo.

To test this hypothesis in the choroid plexus, AAV9-TfR-cohesin virus was injected into the right lateral ventricle of mouse brains. Two weeks later, a single tail vein injection of GFP-dockerin was performed and 8 hours later, brains were fixed and brain slices were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. GFP signal was found in the choroid plexus of both lateral ventricles (FIGS. 2B and C, arrows) as well as in the choroid plexus of the third (FIG. 2C, arrowhead) and fourth ventricle (FIG. 2D). However, no other GFP signal was found in other regions of the brain. Injection of GFP-dockerin without previous injection of AAV9-TfR-cohesin did not show any GFP signal, ruling out the possibility that GFP-dockerin was able to accumulate in the choroid plexus on its own.

To test the hypothesis on the endothelial cells of the brain parenchyma, which form the BBB, the same experiment was performed but AAV9-TfR-cohesin virus was injected into the striatum. In this approach, the expectation was that rAAV would infect not only neural cells but also the endothelial cells of the capillary network of the brain parenchyma. This in turn would result in expression of TfR-cohesin on the apical (blood) side of brain endothelial cells near the injection site. Two weeks post virus injection, a single tail vein injection of GFP-dockerin was performed and 8 hr later, brains were fixed and brain slices were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy. No GFP signal was found in brain parenchyma suggesting that the endothelial cells of the BBB could not be infected by rAAV9 via the basolateral (brain) side. Alternatively, it is possible that they could not express the TfR-cohesin cassette or the TfR-cohesin protein did not correctly traffic to the apical membrane. To be sure that the TfR-cohesin was actually expressed in the brain parenchyma of these animals, brain slices were incubated with GFP-dockerin. High GFP signal was observed in the striatum and surrounding regions (FIG. 6B).

Together, these results show that when the receptor, TfR-cohesin, was expressed in cells of the choroid plexus organs, GFP-dockerin, injected intravenously, was able to bind and accumulate in those cells, confirming that the engineered receptor/ligand system worked in vivo. The attempt to express the receptor in capillary endothelial cells via brain parenchymal injection was, however, unsuccessful.

Ligand binds and enters choroidal ependymocytes. It was next asked as to which cells of the choroid plexus were binding the GFP-dockerin ligand. As mentioned earlier, because the choroid plexus is mainly composed of endothelial cells and choroidal ependymocytes, immunostaining was performed for these two kinds of cells. When slices were immunostained for CD31, a marker of endothelial cells, co-localization of CD31 with GFP was not observed (FIGS. 3A-C). However, when slices were immunostained for two markers of choroidal ependymocytes, α-tubulin and cytokeratin 8/18¹⁷, colocalization with GFP-dockerin was seen for both ependymocyte markers (FIGS. 3D-I, arrows), indicating that the majority of the cells that were binding GFP-dockerin were choroidal ependymocytes. 3D confocal analysis showed that GFP-dockerin was not only on the membranes of choroidal ependymocytes but also throughout the cytosol of the cells, indicating that GFP-dockerin was being internalized into the ependymocytes, presumably via the transferrin receptor. These results demonstrated that systemically administered GFP-dockerin was binding specifically to choroidal ependymocytes and also that it was being internalized into the cytosol of these cells.

Ligand crosses the blood-CSF barrier. The presence of GFP-dockerin on the basolateral, apical, or both membranes of choroidal ependymocytes was investigated. The apical (or luminal) membrane faces the ventricles of the brain, while the basolateral membrane faces the capillary network, in close contact with blood. Choroidal ependymocytes are highly polarized cells and express different markers on each membrane side¹⁸. To perform the analysis, an anti-GFP antibody was used, which highlighted the GFP-dockerin located only on the membrane of the cells (FIGS. 4B, F). To identify the apical membrane, two markers were used: phalloidin coupled with a fluorochrome (FIG. 4C) and an antibody against aquaporin 1 (FIG. 4G). Phalloidin binds to F-actin, which is predominantly present in the apical border of ependymocytes^(17,19), and aquaporin 1 has also been found predominantly on the apical membrane^(20,21).

As shown earlier, the green fluorescence signal of GFP-dockerin was distributed throughout the cytosol of the ependymocytes (FIG. 4A, E). GFP-dockerin labeling of the membrane showed that the ligand was distributed predominantly on one side of the membrane (compare arrowheads in FIGS. 4B and D, and in FIGS. 4F and H), presumably the basolateral membrane, because that part of the membrane showed lower levels of phalloidin (FIGS. 4C-D, arrowheads) or aquaporin 1 signals (FIGS. 4G-H, arrowheads). However, it was also found that some membrane GFP signal co-located with phalloidin (FIGS. 4B-D, arrows) and with Aquaporin 1 (FIGS. 4F-H, arrows), showing that some GFP-dockerin was located on the apical membrane of the ependymocytes, which is the brain side of the blood-cerebrospinal fluid harrier. Since GFP-dockerin could only have entered from the basolateral side, these observations suggested that GFP-dockerin could enter from the basolateral side and be transcylosed to the apical membrane of choroidal ependymocytes.

To confirm the results found by confocal microscopy, the same samples were examined by electron microscopy. GFP-dockerin was labeled by peroxidase/DAB immunohistochemistry using an anti-GFP monoclonal antibody (FIG. 5A). In the electron micrographs of the choroid plexus tissue, peroxidase activity was revealed by an electron-dense reaction product (FIG. 5B, arrowheads). The brain and blood sides of choroid ependymocytes have different morphology: the apical (ap) (or luminal) membranes display cilia and dense microvilli (FIGS. 5B-C, ap), while the basal and lateral surfaces (b1) are flat with strongly folded labyrinths with the neighboring cells at the transition from lateral to basal surfaces (FIGS. 5B-C, b1). As expected, electron-dense particles corresponding to GFP-dockerin were detected in high number on the basolateral surfaces of ependymocytes (FIGS. 5B-C, arrowheads). However, some cells with electron-dense particles were also observed on the apical membrane, between the microvilli (FIG. 5C, arrow). This result confirmed the findings from the confocal microscopy experiments that some GFP-dockerin was located on the apical membrane of ependymocytes, suggesting that transcytosis of GFP-dockerin from the basolateral to the apical surface had occurred.

Taken together, these results demonstrate that GFP-dockerin injected into blood was able to bind to the TfR-cohesin expressed on the basolateral membrane of choroidal ependymocytes. Furthermore, the bound GFP-dockerin was internalized in the majority of the ependymocytes, and in some cells GFP-dockerin was transported from the basolateral membrane (blood side) to the apical membrane (brain side), hence crossing the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier.

One of the most promising methods for brain delivery is the “trojan-horse” strategy^(7,8) in which receptors of the blood brain barrier are targeted to transport a therapeutic molecule into the brain by receptor-mediated transcytosis. Previous studies have targeted receptors for insulin, transferrin, insulin-like growth factor, leptin, and lipoprotein^(1,22). However, because these receptors are expressed not only in the brain vasculature, but also in other organs of the body, there is a potential for off-target effects that can cause undesirable toxicity. A well-documented case is transferrin receptor. This receptor is highly expressed in the brain barriers^(23,24), but also in other organs^(25,26), so when transferrin receptor is targeted with an antibody, the concentration of the antibody increased in the brain but also in TfR-rich organs, like spleen and liver^(11,27,28).

In an attempt to target only the brain, the present study aimed to build a simple and very specific receptor-ligand system using the cohesin-dockerin domains from the bacterium C. thermocellum. The cohesin and dockerin binding domains are small (cohesin=143 aa, ˜17 kDa; dockerin=62 aa, ˜7 kDa) and simple, requiring no post-translational processing or lipid attachment. They also have a dissociation constant that is comparable to high affinity antibodies (K_(d) between 10⁻⁸-10⁻¹¹ M)²⁹. The use of GFP in the ligand fusion protein with dockerin allowed the protein to be easily tracked during protein production as well as experimental analysis. In principle, however, any therapeutic protein, peptide or small molecule could be fused to the dockerin peptide for delivery to the brain. Moreover, the dockerin ligand can be produced in large scale bacterial culture, either for complexing with a therapeutic small molecule or as a fusion protein with a therapeutic protein or peptide. The GFP-dockerin ligand tested here contained 328 residues for a combined MW of 37 kDa, but it is possible that larger ligands may work as well. In addition, dockerin can be complexed with artificial nanoparticles or with small viruses such as rAAV that carry gene casettes expressing cellular genes, shRNAs, or other DNA or gene expression modifying proteins. For example, it has been previously shown that the GFP protein can be fused to the N terminus of the minor AAV capsid protein VP2 and thus, decorate the outside of the rAAV capsid with approximately 6 copies of the 27 kDa GFP protein³⁰. A similar approach could be used with the 7 kDa dockerin protein, thus providing specific binding and entry of rAAV vectors into brain ventricles for distribution to brain parenchyma.

The mammalian receptor chosen for modification by fusion with the cohesin domain was the transferrin receptor. It was chosen because it had been previously shown to mediate receptor-mediated transcytosis in the brain barriers^(10,31). However, in principle, any one of the endogenous receptors that have previously been shown to transport molecules across either the BBB or the BCSFB could also be fused to cohesin. Surprisingly, the results herein show that the TfR-cohesin/GFP-dockerin complex is readily internalized in choroid ependymocytes. It is unlikely that binding of cohesin and dockerin triggers the internalization of the TfR-cohesin. Rather, it is possible that the cohesin/GFP-dockerin binding does not prevent the interaction of circulating endogenous transferrin with the TfR docking site of TfR-cohesin, and that when that happens, the entire complex including transferrin and GFP-dockerin is internalized. This phenomena has been seen before when the transferrin receptor was targeted with antibodies that do not target the binding site for transferrin^(10,32).

In this study rAAV1 and rAAV9 were used to transduce the choroid plexus. It is noted, however, that rAAV4^(33,34) has been shown to be the best serotype for transducing choroid plexus, and the use of rAAV4 to deliver the cohesin-transferrin receptor could potentially improve the efficiency of the trans-BCSFB delivery system. In addition, although AAV was used to transduce choroid plexus cells, other delivery vehicles that express the cohesin-transferrin receptor either transiently (DNA nanoparticles) or permanently (retrovirus vectors) could also potentially be used.

Although the dockerin-cohesin-transferrin system seemed to work in the choroid plexus, no evidence was found of GFP-dockerin binding in endothelial cells of the BBB, which also express transferrin on their surface. It has been shown that the AAV1 and AAV9 serotypes are able to infect endothelial cells when injected intravenously^(35,36). However, in the experiments herein these AAV serotypes were not able to infect endothelial cells when AAV was injected into brain parenchyma. Brain endothelial cells are functionally polarized with distinct apical and basolateral membrane domains^(37,38). Therefore, a possible explanation for the absence of TfR-cohesin expression is that the receptor required for AAV entry in brain endothelial cells is not present on the basolateral membrane (brain side). An alternative explanation is that endothelial cells are surrounded by astrocytic foot processes and pericytes, thereby physically blocking AAV access to endothelial membranes¹⁵.

The experimental findings herein are the first to demonstrate that the bacterial cohesin-dockerin anchoring domains arc functional in vivo in a mammalian animal model. They also demonstrate that the engineered receptor/ligand system could potentially be an effective tool for drug delivery in the brain. Unlike other methods that rely on endogenous receptors, an artificial receptor was engineered that was expressed uniquely in the choroid plexus of the brain via AAV gene delivery and, in addition, coded for a ligand binding domain that is foreign to mammals. In principle this allows for maximum specificity for the brain and should reduce off target effects during drug delivery. Furthermore, the high specificity of different cohesin-dockerin pairs would allow for the controlled delivery of two or more drugs simultaneously. In addition, although the system contains bacterial protein domains foreign to mammalian animal models, no evidence of acute toxicity was observed during the experiments. However, several important questions still remain. Among them, it is not yet known if the dockerin binding domain can fortuitously bind to receptors in other organs and it has not yet been determined if the primate immune system will preclude repeated intravenous injections of the dockerin peptide, which is desirable in a drug delivery system.

In conclusion, the study herein shows that the engineered receptor/ligand system has promising features as a potential brain delivery system and as a tool to study receptor-mediated transcytosis. More generally, this system could be used to target other organs in a similar fashion.

Material and Methods

Recombinant plasmids. pTR-TfR-cohesin. The cohesin open reading frame (143 amino acids (aa)) from pRSET-A_(I127)3-c7A-(I27)239 was amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a BamHI fragment (see Table 1 for primer sequences) and inserted into pTfR-PAmCherry140 (Addgene plasmid 31948, Cambridge, Mass., USA), to produce the pTfR-cohesin-PAmCherryl plasmid. To construct the pTR-TfR-cohesin plasmid, the TfR-cohesin open reading frame from pTfR-cohesin-PAmcherryl was PCR amplified as a Nod-SalI fragment and cloned into pTR-UF1141, swapping it with the sequence containing the hGFP and neomycin-resistance genes. The final construct pTR-TfR-cohesin contained the coding sequences for human transferrin receptor fused in frame with the cohesin sequence at the C terminal end of TfR under the control of the synthetic CBA promoter⁴² and the human bovine growth hormone poly(A) site, all of it flanked by the AAV2 terminal repeats (FIG. 1A).

TABLE 1 PCR primers used for clone construction pTR---TfR---cohesin cohesin---Fv---BamHI ATGGATCCCACTCGAGCCGCAGTAAGGATTAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 11) cohesin---Rv---BamHI ATGGATCCTTGGGAATTCCTACTCGAGTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 12) TfR---cohesin---Fw---NotI TAGCGGCCGCCACCATGATGGATCAAGCTAGAT (SEQ ID NO: 13) TfR---cohesin---Rv---Stop---SalI TAGTCGACTCAAGTTCCAACATTTACTCCACCGT (SEQ ID NO: 14) pTR---NGFR---cohesin RSP---Fw---BamHI GATCCTCCATGGGGGCAGGTGCCACCGGCCGCGCCATGGACGGGCCGCGCCTGCTGCTGTTGCTGCTTCTGG GGGTGTCCCTTGGAGGTGCCAC (SEQ ID NO: 15) RSP---Rv---XhoI TCGAGTGGCACCTCCAAGGGACACCCCCAGAAGCAGCAACAGCAGCAGGCGCGGCCCGTCCATGGCGCGGC CGGTGGCACCTGCCCCCATGGAG (SEQ ID NO: 16) NoRSP---ΔNGFR---Fw---EcoRI CCTTGGAATTCCCAAGGAGGCATGCCCCACAGGC (SEQ ID NO 17): NoRSP---ΔNGFR---Rv---NotI GCAGGGGCGGCCGCTAGATCGATGTGTCGCCGGGCCC (SEQ ID NO: 18) cohesin---Fw---XhoI GAAAGAATTGAGATCTCGAGCCGCAGTAAGG (SEQ ID NO: 19) cohesin---Rv---XhoI CCACTTCTATTACTCGAGTTCCAACATTTACTCC (SEQ ID NO: 20) pET28A---GFP---dockerin dockerinEcoRI---Fw GCAGTGAATTCCCGAATCCTTTGAGTGACCTTTCC (SEQ ID NO: 21) dockerin---XhoI---Rv GGTGCTCGAGTCAATAAGGTAGG (SEQ ID NO: 22) GFP---Nde---Fw GACCATATGAAGGGCGAGGAGCTGTTCACC (SEQ ID NO: 23) GFP---EcoRI---Rv ACTGCGAATTCCTTATACAGCTCGTCCATGCCGAG (SEQ ID NO: 24)

pTR-NGFR-cohesin. The cohesin coding sequence was inserted in frame into the nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) coding sequence between the reticulum signal peptide of NGFR and receptor domain. The reticulum signal peptide (RSP) sequences of NGFR were purchased and the BamHI-XhoI fragment was inserted into a plasmid containing a multicloning site (MCS-plasmid). The NGFR open reading frame without the RSP (NoRSP-ANGFR) was PCR amplified from the plasmid ANGFR-2A-p4743, as a EcoRI-Notl fragment and inserted in the RSP-MCS-plasmid, in the same open reading frame as the RSP. The cohesin open reading frame was amplified as a XhoI-XhoI fragment and inserted into the RSP-ANGFR-MCS-plasmid, between RSP and ANGFR in the same open reading frame, producing the RSP-cohesin-NGFR-MCS-plasmid. The fragment RSP-cohesin-NGFR was cut with NotT and Sall and inserted into the pRT-UF11 digested with NotT and Sall, swapping it with the sequence containing the hGFP and neomycin-resistance genes to make pTR-NGFR-cohesin. The final pTR-NGFR-cohesin construct contained the coding sequences of human NGFR fused with cohesin under the control of the synthetic CBA promoter and the human bovine growth hormone poly(A) site, all of it flanked by the AAV2 terminal repeats.

pET28A-GFP-Dockerin. The C. thermocellum dockerin sequence (containing also the linker separating the catalytic unit from the dockerin, at the 5′ end) was PCR amplified from pET28-Cel8A44. The EcoRI/XhoI fragment containing a the linker separating the catalytic unit from the dockerin (at the 5′) and stop codon insertion before the XhoI site was cloned into a pET28a vector (Novagen). The coding sequence for GFP was PCR amplified from (Hys)6-GFP-ssrA45, as an NdeI/EcoRI fragment and cloned into pET28-dockerin. The resulting construct coded for a protein containing a his tag, GFP, the linker and dockerin, all in the same reading frame.

GFP-dockerin protein production. E. Coli enhanced BL21 strain (T7 express lysY, New England Biolabs, Ipswich, Mass., USA) containing pET28A-GFP-dockerin was grown in 500 mL LB with 50 μg/mL kanamycin and grown for 4 hours at 30° C. Subsequently IPTG (isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranose) was added at a final concentration of 0.5 mM and culture growth was continued for 20 hours at 16° C. to induce protein expression. Cells were harvested by centrifugation (6000 g for 15 min at 4° C.) and resuspended in 20 mL of His buffer (50 mM Tris pH 7.65, 25 mM NaCl, 2 mM CaCl₂) supplemented with protease inhibitors (PMSF 0.5 mM, pepstatin A 5 μg/mL, chymostatin 1 μg/mL, leupeptin 1 μg/mL, aprotinin 2 μg/μL) and lysed with a French Press at 1200 psi of pressure. The lysate was centrifuged (20000 g for 30 min at 4° C.), and the supernatant was loaded onto a 5 mL HisTrap HP column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA), pre-equilibrated with His buffer. Proteins were eluted in His buffer using a 30 mL linear gradient of 0-200 mM imidazole. Fractions were collected, analyzed (see below) and loaded onto a 5 mL Hitrap Q HP column (GE Healthcare Life Sciences, Pittsburgh, Pa., USA), pre-equilibrated with Q buffer (25 mM Tris-HCl pH 8.5, 1 mM DTT, 1 mM CaCl₂) with protease inhibitor cocktail. GFP-dockerin was eluted in Q buffer using a linear gradient of 0-500 mM NaCl. Analysis of the fractions were performed using a fluorometer to measure GFP signal (excitation filter: 485±20 nm, emission filter: 528±20 nm) and by SDS/PAGE with Comassie staining. The fractions containing relatively pure protein were pooled and dialyzed against PBS pH 8.0 and concentrated in an Apollo 20 kDa concentrator (Orbital biosciences, MA, USA) in 0.1 M PBS pH 8.0. The GFP-dockerin was aliquoted and stored at −20° C.

Production of rAAV. rAAV was isolated essentially as described⁴⁶, with minor modifications. For the production of AAV9-TfR-cohesin, the plasmid pIM45-9 that expresses AAV2 rep and the AAV9 cap, was co-transfected using PEI^(47,48) into HEK-293 cells with pTR-TfR-cohesin and pXX649, which contains the adenovirus E4, VA, and E2a helper regions, to produce the AAV9-TfR-cohesin virus. The recombinant virus was purified by iodixanol step gradient, followed by vector concentration and buffer exchange with lactated Ringer's in an Apollo 150 kDa concentrator (Orbital biosciences, MA, USA). The virus was stored at −80° C. AAV1-NGFR-cohesin, was produced by the same method, but using the plasmids pXYZ146 and pTR-NGFR-cohesin during the transfection. Virus titers (vector genomes per mL) were determined by dot blot: AAV1-NGFR-cohesin=2.47×10¹² vg/mL. AAV9-TfR-cohesin=5.58×10¹² vg/mL.

Animals. Balb/cj strain mice 4-5 weeks of age were used for the experiments.

Intracerebral injection of AAVs. All surgical procedures were performed using aseptic techniques and isoflurane gas anesthesia. After mice were anesthetized, they were placed in the stereotactic frame (Kopf Instruments, Tujunga, Calif., USA), and rAAV vectors were injected into either the right Striatum (Str) (anterior-posterior (AP) −0.3 mm, lateral (lat) −2.0 mm, dorsoventral (DV) −3.0 mm) or the right Lateral ventricle (LV) (AP −0.3, Lat −1.0, DV −2.0), through a glass micropipette with an inner diameter ˜30-40 μm at a rate of 0.5 μL/min. Animals were injected with a total of 2 μL of virus in the Str or 10 μL in the LV. The needle was left in place for 5 min prior to withdrawal from the brain.

Systemic injection of GFP-dockerin. After the animals were anesthetized with isoflurane, a single dose of 100 μL of GFP-dockerin (3 μg/μL) was administrated via the tail vein, using an insulin syringe (30G×1/2″) (Easy touch, TX, USA) over a period of 30 seconds. Animals were perfused 8 hours later.

Brain tissue preparation. Animals were deeply anesthetized with pentobarbital (Beuthanasia-D, Merck Animal Health, Summit, N.J., USA) and perfused through the ascending aorta. Brains were perfused with 10 mL of saline solution, followed by 10 mL of ice-cold 4% paraformaldehyde (PFA) in 0.1 M phosphate buffer (PB), pH 7.4. Brains were removed and postfixed overnight at 4° C. in paraformaldehyde (PFA) solution.

Forty-micrometer-thick brain coronal sections (40 μm) were cut on a vibratome (Leica Microsystems) and mounted for fluorescent microscopy analysis or processed for GFP-dockerin incubation or immunohistochemistry.

GFP-dockerin incubation. Brain sections were incubated overnight at 4° C. with 0.02 mg/mL of dockerin-GFP, 0.1% Triton-X100 (T9284. Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo., USA) and 3% goat serum (01-6201. Life Technologies, Grand Island, N.Y., USA). Brain sections were mounted on slides with Mowiol 4-88 (81381, Sigma-Aldrich). Samples were examined with a fluorescent stereomicroscope or a Fluorescence Microscope (Leica Microsystems, Buffalo Grove, Ill., USA) and images were processed with Pixelmator software (UAB Pixelmator Team).

Immunohistochemistry for confocal microscopy. Immunostaining were carried out on free-floating sections as follows: Incubation with 0.1% Triton-X100 (T9284, Sigma-Aldrich), 3% goat serum (01-6201. Life Technologies) or donkey serum (D9663, Sigma-Aldrich) in PBS for 1 hour at room temperature (RT); incubation with Phalloidin-Atto 565 (94072, Sigma-Aldrich) or one of the primary antibodies 4° C. overnight: rabbit anti-a Tubulin (ab18251, Abcam, Cambridge, Mass., USA) diluted 1:500, guinea pig anti-cytokeratin 8/18 (GP11, Progen Biotechnik, Heidelberg, Germany) diluted 1:100, rabbit anti-CD31 (ab28364, Abcam) diluted 1:100 or rabbit anti-Aquaporin 1 (ab15080, Abcam) diluted 1:125; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash; incubation with one of the secondary antibodies for 2 hours at RT: Alexa Fluor555 donkey anti-Rabbit (A-31572, Life Technologies) diluted 1:500 or Alexa Fluor555 goat anti-Guinea Pig (A-21435, Life Technologies) diluted 1:500. Sections were then incubated with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) at 1 μg/mL for 10 min, washed with PBS 3 times for 10 minutes each wash, mounted on slides with Mowiol 4-88 (81381, Sigma-Aldrich) and examined with a confocal microscope Leica TCS SP5 (Leica Microsystems).

To label GFP that was present only on the surface of the membranes, sections were stained without Triton-X100, as follows: Incubation with 3% goat scrum (01-6201, Life Technologies) in PBS for 1 hour at RT; incubation with the primary rat anti-GFP (04404-84, Nacalai USA, San diego, CA, USA) diluted 1:1000 at 4° C. overnight; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash; incubation with the secondary Alexa Fluor647 goat anti-Rat (A-21247. Life Technologies) for 2 hours at RT; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash; incubation of the slices with 4% PFA; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash. Once the GFP membrane staining was complete, the sections were stained for the other marker using Triton X-100, following the procedure described above, for Aquaporin 1 or Phalloidin.

To label GFP on the surface of membranes for electron microscopy, sections were processed as follows: incubation with 0.5% H₂O₂, 10% Methanol in PBS for 15 min; 3 washes of 10 min. each with PBS; incubation with 1% goat serum in PBS for 1 hour at RT; incubation with primary rat anti-GFP antibody (04404-84. Nacalai USA) diluted 1:500 at 4° C. overnight; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash; incubation with the secondary biotinylated goat anti-rat antibody (BA-9401, Vector Laboratories, Burlingame, Calif., USA) diluted 1:500 for 2 hours at RT; 3 washes of 10 min. each with PBS; incubation with VECTASTAIN Elite ABC Kit (PK-6100, Vector Laboratories) for 1 hour at RT; 3 washes with PBS for 10 minutes each wash. The sections were then stained using the NovaRED Peroxidase (HRP) Substrate Kit (SK-4800, Vector Laboratories) for 10 min, washed and processed for electron microscopy as described below.

Electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy was carried out as described previously⁵⁰. After immunohistochemistry, sections were post-fixed with 1% osmium tetroxide, dehydrated and embedded in EMbed812/Araldite epoxy resin. Ultrathin sections (100 nm) were then cut from the block surface, collected on 100 mesh carbon coated Formvar copper grids and examined in an FEI Spirit LaB6 120 kV transmission electron microscope equipped with a Galan Ultrascan 1000XP, 2kX2k CCD digital camera.

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OTHER EMBODIMENTS

All of the features disclosed in this specification may be combined in any combination. Each feature disclosed in this specification may be replaced by an alternative feature serving the same, equivalent, or similar purpose. Thus, unless expressly stated otherwise, each feature disclosed is only an example of a generic series of equivalent or similar features.

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present disclosure, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the disclosure to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims.

EQUIVALENTS

While several inventive embodiments have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and/or structures for performing the function and/or obtaining the results and/or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and/or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive embodiments described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and/or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is/are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive embodiments described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive embodiments may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and/or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and/or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.

All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and/or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.

All references, patents and patent applications disclosed herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document.

The indefinite articles “a” and “an,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one.”

The phrase “and/or,” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and/or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and/or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and/or B”, when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one embodiment, to A only (optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to B only (optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to both A and B (optionally including other elements); etc.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and/or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and/or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of,” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of,” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both”) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either,” “one of,” “only one of,” or “exactly one of.” “Consisting essentially of,” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one,” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B,” or, equivalently “at least one of A and/or B”) can refer, in one embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B); in another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A); in yet another embodiment, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements); etc.

It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.

In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising,” “including,” “carrying,” “having,” “containing,” “involving,” “holding,” “composed of,” and the like arc to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03. 

1-24. (canceled)
 25. A recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) particle comprising a nucleic acid containing a promoter sequence and a sequence that encodes a receptor having a ligand-binding domain of a non-mammalian protein.
 26. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the receptor comprises at least one domain selected from an intracellular domain, transmembrane domain and extracellular domain of a mammalian receptor.
 27. The rAAV particle of claim 26, wherein the at least one domain is a transferrin receptor or nerve growth factor receptor intracellular, transmembrane or extracellular domain.
 28. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the non-mammalian protein is a bacterial protein.
 29. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the ligand-binding domain is a cohesin domain.
 30. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the promoter sequence is a tissue-specific promoter sequence.
 31. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the ligand-binding domain binds to a dockerin domain.
 32. The rAAV particle of claim 30, wherein the tissue-specific promoter sequence is selected from a Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) promoter sequence, an Mb promoter sequence, an OG-2 promoter sequence, an SP-B promoter sequence, an SYN1 promoter sequence, a CD14 promoter sequence, a CD43 promoter sequence, a CD45 promoter sequence, a CD68 promoter sequence, a Desmin promoter sequence, an Elastase-1 promoter sequence, an Endoglin promoter sequence, a Fibronectin promoter sequence, an Flt-1 promoter sequence, a GPIIb promoter sequence, an ICAM-2 promoter sequence, a Mouse IFN-β promoter sequence, a NphsI promoter sequence, a WASP promoter sequence, an SV40/bAlb promoter sequence, an SV40/hAlb promoter sequence, an SV40/CD43 promoter sequence, an SV40/CD45 promoter sequence, and an NSE/RU5′ promoter sequence.
 33. The rAAV particle of claim 30, wherein the tissue-specific promoter sequence is selected from a GFAP sequence, an SYN1 promoter sequence, an Endoglin promoter sequence, an Flt-1 promoter sequence, an ICAM-2 promoter sequence, a NphsI promoter sequence, and an NSE/RU5′ promoter sequence.
 34. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the promoter sequence is selected from an FerL/RU5′ promoter sequence, an FerH/RU5′ promoter sequence, a βAct/RU5′ promoter sequence, an EF1/RU5′ promoter sequence, a CMV/FerL/chEF1 promoter sequence, an SV40/hFerH/mEF1 promoter sequence, and a hybrid CMV-β actin promoter sequence.
 33. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the rAAV particle is an rAAV1, rAAV4 or rAAV9 serotype particle.
 34. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid further comprises one or more additional sequences that facilitate expression of the receptor and is operatively linked to the sequence that encodes the receptor.
 35. The rAAV particle of claim 34, wherein the one or more additional sequences are selected from the group consisting of promoters, insulators, silencers, response elements, introns, enhancers, initiation sites, termination signals, and poly(A) tails.
 36. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the nucleic acid comprises one or more inverted terminal repeat (ITR) sequences.
 37. The rAAV particle of claim 36, wherein the ITR sequences are modified or derived from AAV2 ITR sequences.
 38. The rAAV particle of claim 29, wherein the cohesin domain is a cohesin 7 domain.
 39. The rAAV particle of claim 25, wherein the receptor comprises a transferrin receptor domain fused to a cohesin domain.
 40. A composition comprising the rAAV particle of claim 29 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
 41. A method of treating a mammalian subject suffering from a disease or disorder comprising administering the composition of claim
 40. 